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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders

current versions

No studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication Acceptability (all‐cause drop‐outs4) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.48 [0.59, 3.72]	8 studies · 556 participants	Low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication Anxiety (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) Different self report and clinician‐rated scales (HARS, SCL‐90 Anxiety Subscore) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 255 participants	Very low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication Depression (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) Different self report and clinician‐rated scales (VAS Sadness, HDRS, SCL‐90 Depression Subscore, ZDS) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 395 participants	Low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 2.37 [0.39, 14.28]	8 studies · 556 participants	Low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication Treatment response (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) CGI ‐ Improvement Scale · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.73, 1.19]	2 studies · 130 participants	Low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs another medication Functional disability and quality of life · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Severity/intensity of MUPS (post‐treatment score on self report scales) Different self report and clinician‐rated scales (SOMS‐7, SCL‐90 Somatisation Score) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 107 participants	Low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Anxiety (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Acceptability (all‐cause drop‐outs4) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.25, 2.52]	2 studies · 118 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Anxiety (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) Different self report and clinician‐rated scales (HARS, SCL‐90 Anxiety Subscore) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 107 participants	Very low
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Depression (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) Different self report and clinician‐rated scales (HDRS, SCL‐90 depression subscore) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 107 participants	Very low
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Treatment response (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antidepressants vs a combination of medications Functional disability and quality of life · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Depression (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Treatment response (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Functional disability and quality of life (post‐treatment score on self report and clinician‐rated scales) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
New‐generation antidepressants vs placebo Severity/intensity of MUPS (post‐treatment score on self report scales) Different self report scales (PHQ‐15, MOSPM) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 243 participants	Very low
New‐generation antidepressants vs placebo Acceptability (all‐cause drop‐outs) · somatoform disorders in adults Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.64, 1.61]	2 studies · 163 participants	Low
Azapirone vs placebo Rate of 'response' · adults with panic disorder Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Azapirone vs placebo Dropouts for any reason · adults with panic disorder Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 2.13 [1.11, 4.07]	3 studies · 170 participants	Moderate
Azapirone vs placebo General anxiety Hamilton rating scale for anxiety · adults with panic disorder Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 115 participants	Low
Azapirone vs placebo Agoraphobia Phobia scale · adults with panic disorder Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 52 participants	Low
Azapirone vs placebo Depression Hamilton rating scale for depression · adults with panic disorder Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 52 participants	Low
Psychological therapy vs usual care or waiting list Severity of somatic symptoms at end of treatment Various instruments · people with somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 1081 participants	Low
Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care Treatment response at end of treatment · somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care Functional disability/quality of life at end of treatment Various instruments · somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 497 participants	Moderate
Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care Healthcare use within 1 year after treatment · somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 319 participants	Low
Psychological therapy vs usual care or waiting list Acceptability 1 ‐ proportion of participants withdrawing during treatment · people with somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.88, 0.99]	14 studies · 1644 participants	Moderate
Psychological therapy vs usual care or waiting list Dysfunctional cognitions, emotions, or behaviours (participant rated) at end of treatment Whitely Index · people with somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 440 participants	Moderate
Psychological therapy vs usual care or waiting list Treatment response at end of treatment CGI‐improvement/Global impression of change · people with somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 3.3 [2.08, 5.21]	4 studies · 391 participants	Low
Psychological therapy vs usual care or waiting list Functional disability/quality of life at end of treatment Various instruments · people with somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 730 participants	Low
Psychological therapy vs usual care or waiting list Healthcare use Various measures, participant or physician assessed < 1 year after end of treatment · people with somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 532 participants	Moderate
Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care Severity of somatic symptoms at end of treatment · somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 624 participants	Low
Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care Acceptability 1 ‐ proportion of participants withdrawing during treatment · somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.87, 1]	5 studies · 679 participants	Moderate
Psychological therapy vs enhanced or structured care Dysfunctional cognitions, emotions, or behaviours at end of treatment Whitely Index (different forms) · somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms Non‐pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 499 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Achieved recovery according to predetermined criteria (no longer meeting criteria for depression on K‐SADS or meeting a priori criteria for response on a depression checklist, assessed between 4 and 10 weeks of onset of treatment) · children and adolescents with depression Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.91, 1.26]	9 studies · 453 participants	Low
Intervention NR Change in depression checklist scores (BID, CDI, CDRS, DACL or HAM‐D from baseline to between 2 and 10 weeks) · children and adolescents with depression Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	13 studies · 533 participants	Low
Intervention NR Change in clinical global assessment scale scores (CGI scale or CGAS rated between 4 and 10 weeks of onset of treatment) · children and adolescents with depression Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 180 participants	Low
Intervention NR Number of withdrawals (occurring between 4 and 10 weeks of onset of treatment) · children and adolescents with depression Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents (2013) · Cochrane	OR 1.65 [0.87, 3.14]	8 studies · 462 participants	Low
Sildenafil vs placebo Endpoint International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) total scores (The IIEF is a self‐report measure with 15 questions examining erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, and intercourse satisfaction. Maximum possible score 75) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 112 participants	High
Sildenafil vs placebo Endpoint International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores ‐ question 3: ability to achieve erection (Maximum score 5) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 231 participants	High
Sildenafil vs placebo Endpoint International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores ‐ intercourse satisfaction (questions 6, 7, 8) (Maximum score 15) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 89 participants	Moderate
Sildenafil vs placebo Clinical Global Impression ‐Sexual Function not "much/very much improved" by endpoint · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.44 [0.33, 0.58]	2 studies · 187 participants	Moderate
Sildenafil vs placebo Dropouts (People leaving the trial early) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.41, 1.14]	4 studies · 353 participants	High
Sildenafil vs placebo Global Efficacy Questionnaire (questions 1 & 2) (Questions assessing improvement attributed to medication compared to having no treatment at all) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	RR 2.5 [1.67, 3.73]	1 study · 284 participants	Moderate
Bupropion vs placebo Endpoint scale total scores (150 mg twice daily dose) (Scales of sexual functioning. As studies used different scales to assess sexual functioning, differences are expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD)) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 482 participants	Moderate
Bupropion vs placebo 50% reduction in score on the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) (150 mg once daily dose) (The ASEX is a 5‐item self‐report inventory of sexual function) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.62 [0.09, 4.41]	2 studies · 71 participants	Moderate
Bupropion vs placebo Dropouts (People leaving the trial early) · people with antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.67, 1.72]	5 studies · 579 participants	High