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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut
current versionsNo studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Serious adverse events (proportion) · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.24, 0.99] | 3 studies · 213 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Anastomotic stenosis · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [0.33, 5.7] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Short‐term recurrence (within 6 months) · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.04, 18.47] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Long‐term recurrence · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 1 [0.84, 1.18] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Adverse events (proportion) · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.48, 0.86] | 3 studies · 213 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Blood transfusion (proportion) · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0, 1.35] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic vs open transhiatal oesophagectomy Blood transfusion (quantity) · patients with oesophageal cancer Laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Short‐term mortality · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.48 [0.11, 2.17] | 9 studies · 1451 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Long‐term mortality · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.96 [0.82, 1.12] | 3 studies · 277 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Serious adverse events (proportion) · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.79 [0.53, 6.06] | 3 studies · 206 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Pancreatic fistula (grade B or C) · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.19 [0.47, 3.02] | 4 studies · 246 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Recurrence at maximal · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.58 [0.32, 1.05] | 2 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Adverse events (proportion) · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.54, 1.66] | 4 studies · 246 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Length of hospital stay · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1068 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy vs open distal pancreatectomy Positive resection margins · patients with pancreatic cancer Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.49, 1.1] | 10 studies · 1466 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Short‐term mortality · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Open surgical drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | OR 11.18 [0.56, 222.98] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Hospital stay · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Costs · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Endoscopic drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | OR 3 [0.11, 79.91] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR EUS‐guided drainage with nasocystic drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Open surgical drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Open surgical drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage Scale from: 0 to 100. Higher indicates better · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Endoscopic drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | OR 2.42 [0.51, 11.46] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR EUS‐guided drainage with nasocystic drainage versus EUS‐guided drainage · patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Management strategies for pancreatic pseudocysts (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.2 [0.06, 0.73] | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone Overall survival · people with advanced gastric cancer Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.92 [0.8, 1.05] | 10 studies · 3843 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone Progression‐free survival · people with advanced gastric cancer Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.9 [0.78, 1.04] | 11 studies · 4014 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone Quality of life (change from baseline in EORTC QOL30 global health status scale) Duration of · people with advanced gastric cancer Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone Overall response rate Duration of · people with advanced gastric cancer Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.24 [1, 1.55] | 11 studies · 3723 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone Adverse event (any) Duration of · people with advanced gastric cancer Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 2.23 [1.27, 3.92] | 5 studies · 2290 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: Molecular‐targeted therapy plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone Severe adverse event (grade ≥ 3 ) Duration of · people with advanced gastric cancer Molecular‐targeted first‐line therapy for advanced gastric cancer (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.19 [1.03, 1.37] | 8 studies · 3800 participants | Moderate |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Short‐term mortality All‐cause mortality either in‐hospital or within 3 months · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.11, 1.35] | 5 studies · 689 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (secondary outcomes) Long‐term recurrence (binary outcome) Local recurrence, surgical wound recurrence, or distal metastases · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.87, 1.28] | 2 studies · 339 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (secondary outcomes) Long‐term recurrence (time‐to‐event outcome) Local recurrence, surgical wound recurrence, or distal metastases · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.96 [0.8, 1.16] | 2 studies · 349 participants | Low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (secondary outcomes) Local recurrence (binary) · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.7, 1.12] | 3 studies · 449 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (secondary outcomes) Proportion with any adverse event within 3 months Any adverse event within 3 months of any severity · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [1.11, 2.67] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (secondary outcomes) Length of hospital stay (days) Including the index admission for oesophagectomy (the hospital admission during which the oesophagectomy is performed) and any surgical complication‐related readmissions · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 342 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (secondary outcomes) Dysphagia at maximal · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [1.01, 2.19] | 1 study · 139 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Long‐term mortality (binary outcome) All‐cause mortality for the duration of · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.92, 1.14] | 3 studies · 511 participants | Low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): chemoradiotherapy versus surgery All‐cause mortality for the duration of · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.88 [0.76, 1.03] | 4 studies · 602 participants | Low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): radiotherapy versus surgery All‐cause mortality for the duration of · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 1.39 [1.18, 1.64] | 3 studies · 512 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Long‐term mortality (binary): definitive chemoradiotherapy versus surgery with neoadjuvant chemotherapy All‐cause mortality for the duration of · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.93, 1.16] | 2 studies · 431 participants | Low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event): definitive chemoradiotherapy versus surgery with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy All‐cause mortality for the duration of · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.99 [0.78, 1.26] | 2 studies · 431 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Proportion with a serious adverse event within 3 months Serious adverse event within 3 months as defined by ICH‐GCP International Conference on Harmonisation ‐ Good Clinical Practice guideline (ICH‐GCP 1996) or reasonable variations thereof · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.25, 1.47] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Short‐term health‐related quality of life Any validated scale · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 165 participants | Very low |
Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) Medium‐term health‐related quality of life Any validated scale · people with oesophageal cancer Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Duodenum‐preserving pancreatic resection vs pancreaticoduodenectomy Short‐term mortality · people requiring surgery for chronic pancreatitis Duodenum‐preserving pancreatic resection versus pancreaticoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.89 [0.31, 26.87] | 5 studies · 269 participants | Very low |
Duodenum‐preserving pancreatic resection vs pancreaticoduodenectomy New‐onset diabetes · people requiring surgery for chronic pancreatitis Duodenum‐preserving pancreatic resection versus pancreaticoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.5, 1.22] | 5 studies · 269 participants | Very low |