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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Peritoneal ultrafiltration: 4 hours ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 414 participants | Low |
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Peritoneal solute transport rate (4‐hour dialysis:plasma creatinine) ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 746 participants | Low |
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Peritonitis rate (episodes/total patient‐months) (up to 24 months) · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.84, 1.64] | 10 studies · 18184 participants | Low |
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Technique failure (death‐censored) ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.75, 1.63] | 15 studies · 1275 participants | Low |
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Death (all causes) ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.47, 1.14] | 1229 participants | Low |
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Uncontrolled fluid overload ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.15, 0.59] | 2 studies · 100 participants | Moderate |
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Rash ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.51 [0.59, 10.72] | 3 studies · 755 participants | Low |
Antimicrobial lock solutions vs control CVC ‐ related infections · CVC‐related infection Antimicrobial lock solutions for preventing catheter‐related infections in haemodialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.27, 0.53] | 27 studies · 2994 participants | Low |
Antimicrobial lock solutions vs control Thrombosis · CVC‐related infection Antimicrobial lock solutions for preventing catheter‐related infections in haemodialysis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.52, 1.22] | 14 studies · 2080 participants | Very low |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Death · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.92, 1.33] | 15 studies · 2330 participants | Very low |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Health‐related quality of life ( · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 297 participants | Very low |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Length of hospital stay · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 580 participants | Low |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Cognitive function ( · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1169 participants | Low |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Change from baseline in serum sodium concentration · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 2641 participants | Moderate |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Serum sodium concentration (response) · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.49 [1.95, 3.18] | 18 studies · 2104 participants | Moderate |
Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment Rapid sodium increase · chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.16, 2.4] | 14 studies · 2058 participants | Moderate |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs placebo or no treatment AKI within 30 days of surgery · adults with normal kidney function undergoing surgery Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [0.4, 7.96] | 2 studies · 7066 participants | Very low |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs placebo or no treatment SCr increase within 30 days of surgery · adults with normal kidney function undergoing surgery Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 794 participants | Low |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs placebo or no treatment RRT within 30 days of surgery · adults with normal kidney function undergoing surgery Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.49, 5.07] | 2 studies · 7056 participants | Very low |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs placebo or no treatment Death (all causes) · adults with normal kidney function undergoing surgery Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.19, 11.12] | 2 studies · 312 participants | Very low |
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs placebo or no treatment Length of hospital stay · adults with normal kidney function undergoing surgery Effects of peri‐operative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs on post‐operative kidney function for adults… (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.12 | 3 studies · 410 participants | Very low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Loss of patency: · Dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVF patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.21] | 1 study · 536 participants | Moderate |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs Placebo Serious adverse events: cardiovascular events · dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVG patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 261 participants | Very low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs Placebo Serious adverse events: major bleeding · dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVG patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.08 | 3 studies · 65 participants | Very low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Serious adverse events: death · Dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVF patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 567 participants | Moderate |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Serious adverse events: hospitalisation · Dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVF patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 567 participants | Low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Serious adverse events: cardiovascular events · Dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVF patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs placebo Serious adverse events: major bleeding · Dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVF patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs Placebo Loss of patency by 6 months · dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVG patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.36, 2.28] | 2 studies · 41 participants | Very low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs Placebo Loss of patency by 12 months · dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVG patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.27, 1.31] | 2 studies · 220 participants | Very low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs Placebo Serious adverse events: death · dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVG patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.01 | 4 studies · 261 participants | Low |
Omega‐3 fatty acids vs Placebo Serious adverse events: hospitalisation · dialysis vascular access outcomes in AVG patients with ESKD Omega‐3 fatty acids for dialysis vascular access outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.08 | 3 studies · 65 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Outcomes ( · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Symptomatic UTI · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.45] | 2 studies · 200 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Antimicrobial resistance · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.6, 2.41] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment All‐cause mortality · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.23 [0.21, 23.86] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Graft loss · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.07, 17.36] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Acute graft rejection · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.44, 1.97] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Hospitalisation for UTI · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.13, 4.27] | 1 study · 112 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Graft function (creatinine at end of study) · adult kidney transplant recipients Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 200 participants | Low |
Rituximab vs no rituximab Skin vasculitis (purpura, cutaneous ulcers or others) at 18 and 24 months: number of affected patients · hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia Treatment for hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.28, 1.16] | 2 studies · 78 participants | Moderate |
Rituximab vs no rituximab SCr at 18 months · hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia Treatment for hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Moderate |
Rituximab vs no rituximab Cryocrit at 12 months · hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia Treatment for hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 41 participants | Low |
Rituximab vs no rituximab Adverse effects ‐ infusion reactions: number of events · hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia Treatment for hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.33 [0.76, 24.75] | 3 studies · 118 participants | Moderate |
Rituximab vs no rituximab Activity outcomes BVAS: from 0 to 63 · hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia Treatment for hepatitis C virus‐associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 81 participants | Moderate |
Early vs late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation Major urological complications: all stents · kidney transplant recipients Early versus late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.87 [0.61, 5.71] | 5 studies · 1127 participants | Low |
Early vs late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation Major urological complications: bladder indwelling stents · kidney transplant recipients Early versus late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.52, 5.36] | 3 studies · 539 participants | Low |
Early vs late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation Major urological complications: per‐urethral stents · kidney transplant recipients Early versus late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.03, 74.45] | 2 studies · 588 participants | Low |
Early vs late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation Urinary tract infection: all stents · kidney transplant recipients Early versus late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.3, 0.81] | 5 studies · 1126 participants | Moderate |
Early vs late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation Urinary tract infection: bladder indwelling stents · kidney transplant recipients Early versus late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.29, 0.7] | 3 studies · 539 participants | Moderate |