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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries

current versions
No studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Holgerson,2009 [32]; model performance 1
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 3.83 [1.39, 10.58]1 studyUngraded
38% SDF vs glass ionomer cement plus 5% fluoride varnish
Caries prevention (preventive fraction, SDF vs GIC+5% fluoride varnish) · intellectually disabled individuals with caries in permanent posterior teeth · 6 months
A systematic review on the effect of silver diamine fluoride for management of dental caries in permanent… (2023)
Preventative fraction (%) 451 study · 82 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 7
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.62 [1.44, 1.82]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 4
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.60 [1.15, 2.22]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Fontana,2011 [16]; model performance 8
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.87 [1.49, 2.35]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 4
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 2.62 [2.27, 3.03]1 studyUngraded
Indirect restorations (crowns, fixed partial dentures, inlays/onlays/veneers) vs None (single-group incidence)
Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations · Follow-up ≤5 to >10 years, Treated by general practitioners
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations:… (2023)
Proportion 4.44 [2.16, 7.49]2113 participantsUngraded
Indirect restorations (crowns, fixed partial dentures, inlays/onlays/veneers) vs None (single-group incidence)
Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations · Follow-up ≤5 to >10 years, Single-unit restorations
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations:… (2023)
Proportion 5.46 [3.63, 7.64]20 studies · 5491 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Root caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Hayes,2017 [33]; model performance 1
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 2.12 [1.71, 2.63]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Demers,1992 [14]; model performance 2
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.31 [1.15, 1.50]1 studyUngraded
Dental caries vs Caries-free
CA VI activity · Participants with dental caries and caries-free participants
Associations of the activity and concentration of carbonic anhydrase VI with susceptibility to dental… (2023)
SMD 0.87 [0.39, 1.36]7 studies · 411 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 10
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 2.26 [1.92, 2.65]1 studyUngraded
38% SDF plus oral health education vs oral health instruction plus water
new root-surface carious lesions or restorations · community-dwelling older adults with root caries · 24 months
A systematic review on the effect of silver diamine fluoride for management of dental caries in permanent… (2023)
Preventative fraction (%) 331 study · 266 participantsUngraded
Outer/shallower carious dentin vs Inner/deeper carious dentin
MMP-2 location/presence · Human carious dentin
Presence of host and bacterial-derived collagenolytic proteases in carious dentin: a systematic review of ex… (2023)
no estimate extracted4 studiesVery low
Surgery vs Radiotherapy alone
Locoregional recurrence · Adults with oropharyngeal cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane
Locoregional recurrence: not reported.0 studiesNo studies
Before cavity sealing vs After cavity sealing
MMP-9 expression/activity · Human carious dentin · 60 days after cavity sealing
Presence of host and bacterial-derived collagenolytic proteases in carious dentin: a systematic review of ex… (2023)
no estimate extracted2 studies · 48 participantsVery low
Surgery plus radiotherapy vs Radiotherapy alone
Recurrence · Adults with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer
Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment (2023) · Cochrane
Recurrence: not reported.0 studiesNo studies
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection into salivary glands vs Placebo injection
Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS) score · Adults with Parkinson's disease and sialorrhea (drooling) · Approximately 1 month post-injection (one study ~1 week), BoNT type B
The effectiveness and safety of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of sialorrhea with Parkinson's… (2023)
SMD -1.11 [-1.48, -0.74]5 studies · 136 participantsUngraded
Malocclusion (assessed by DAI, IOTN or WHO criteria) vs Individuals without malocclusion
Oral health-related quality of life (dichotomous: poor vs not) · Indian children, adolescents and adults
Impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life among Indians- a systematic review and… (2023)
OR 5.44 [1.61, 18.39]6 studies · 3720 participantsVery low
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 10
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.55 [0.38, 0.82]1 studyUngraded
Fluoride varnish applied periodically (at least quarterly) around the bracket bases during treatment vs Placebo varnish, resin sealant, or standard care (oral hygiene instructions)
Prevalence of white spot lesions (WSL) at debonding, subject level · Healthy adolescents and adults undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed multi-bracket appliances · At debonding
Prevention of white spot lesions with fluoride varnish during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a… (2023)
RR 0.64 [0.42, 0.98]5 studies · 558 participantsVery low
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Disney,1992 [15]; model performance 3
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.47 [0.40, 0.55]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Dolic,2020 [28]; model performance 2
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.33 [0.17, 0.62]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Pang,2021 [19]; model performance 3
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.67 [0.58, 0.77]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 1
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.59 [0.41, 0.85]1 studyUngraded
Indirect restoration placement by undergraduate students vs None
Pulp necrosis incidence · Vital teeth · General practitioners
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations:… (2023)
Proportion 4.44 [2.16, 7.49]2113 participantsUngraded
Higher family income / socioeconomic status vs Lower income / worse socioeconomic status
Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Adolescents (10-19 years)
Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. (2023)
Adolescents from families with higher incomes and higher levels of maternal education have better OHRQoL scores [34]. Worse oral health status, older age, female sex and worse socioeconomic status were significantly…NRUngraded
Eugenol-based temporary cement vs Eugenol-free temporary cement
Pulp necrosis incidence · Vital teeth · Eugenol-free
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations:… (2023)
Proportion 5.77 [3.72, 8.24]639 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 4
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 2.85 [2.24, 3.61]1 studyUngraded
Completion of orthodontic treatment vs Untreated / never received orthodontic treatment
Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Adolescents (10-19 years)
Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. (2023)
Adolescents who had never received orthodontic treatment had a greater impact on quality of life compared to patients who had already completed treatment [34, 40, 44-46]. Orthodontic treatment during childhood or…NRUngraded
Prosthetic need vs Individuals without prosthetic need
Oral health-related quality of life (dichotomous: poor vs not) · Indian elderly and general-population adults
Impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life among Indians- a systematic review and… (2023)
Prosthetic need vs none: both included studies showed a significant association with poor QoL (Nagarajappa 2015, Shivakumar 2018); 950 participants, 2 observational studies; Moderate certainty (Fig 1 GRADE SoF). No…2 studies · 950 participantsModerate
Tooth loss / edentulism vs No tooth loss
Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Adolescents (10-19 years)
Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. (2023)
Toothache, DMT and tooth loss have a high impact on OHRQoL in adolescentes [26].NRUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Fontana,2011 [16]; model performance 10
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 2.05 [1.39, 3.02]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 2
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.63 [1.17, 2.26]1 studyUngraded
Clear aligners (CA) vs Conventional fixed orthodontic appliances (CF)
Severity of white spot lesions (surface area and depth) · Orthodontic patients undergoing comprehensive treatment (late mixed or permanent dentition, no active caries) · Baseline to end of treatment (varying)
White spot lesions, plaque accumulation and salivary caries-associated bacteria in clear aligners compared… (2023)
Not meta-analyzed. 2 RCTs assessed WSL severity by lesion surface area (Albhaisi 2020 [12]; Alshatti 2017 [31]) and 1 (Albhaisi 2020 [12]) also by lesion depth; reported narratively with differing methods, generally…2 studiesUngraded
Fluoride-containing amalgam (FAAG) vs Glass ionomer cement (GIC)
Secondary caries (occurrence) · Patients requiring dental restoration; permanent teeth · 2 or more years of follow-up
Clinical efficacy of bioactive restorative materials in controlling secondary caries: a systematic review… (2023)
RR 0.95 [0.45, 2.00]6 studies · 309 participantsLow
Edentulism (complete or partial missing teeth) vs Individuals without edentulism
Oral health-related quality of life (continuous), measured by OHIP-14 · Indian elderly
Impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life among Indians- a systematic review and… (2023)
Edentulism and QoL (continuous, OHIP-14): no significant association between individuals with and without edentulism (Ajai 2020). Single study, not pooled.1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Dolic,2020 [28]; model performance 1
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.74 [0.93, 3.25]1 studyUngraded
Bruxism vs No bruxism
Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Adolescents (10-19 years)
Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. (2023)
While dental erosion and bruxism have not been shown to impact the quality of life of adolescents [26]. Bruxism does not impact quality of life in children and adolescentes [33].NRUngraded
Dental erosion vs No dental erosion
Oral health-related quality of life · Adolescents aged 10-19 years
Oral-health-related quality of life in adolescents: umbrella review. (2023)
no estimate extractedNRUngraded
Prosthetic need vs No prosthetic need
Poor oral health-related quality of life · Indians
Impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life among Indians- a systematic review and… (2023)
no estimate extracted2 studies · 950 participantsModerate
Caries-associated bacterial biofilm vs Sound/control tissue (sound dentin, sound root, or enamel caries)
Bacterial collagenolytic protease gene expression · Human ex vivo carious lesions / caries-associated biofilm
Presence of host and bacterial-derived collagenolytic proteases in carious dentin: a systematic review of ex… (2023)
Genes coding for bacterial collagenolytic proteases were significantly expressed/overrepresented in coronal (Simon-Soro et al., 2013) and root (Dame-Teixeira et al., 2018: 42 proteases differentially expressed, 18…2 studies · 25 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Root caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Ritter,2016 [22]; model performance 3
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.81 [1.33, 2.47]1 studyUngraded
Dental caries (caries-active; dmft/DMFT > 0) vs Caries-free individuals (dmft/DMFT = 0)
Salivary/biofilm CA VI (carbonic anhydrase VI) activity · Children (age about 2-9 years) across the 7 meta-analyzed activity samples; excludes Kivela 1999 adults (18-24 years),… · Cross-sectional (single time point)
Associations of the activity and concentration of carbonic anhydrase VI with susceptibility to dental… (2023)
SMD 0.894 [0.386, 1.392]7 studies · 411 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 7
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.38 [0.31, 0.46]1 studyUngraded
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection into salivary glands vs Placebo injection
Adverse events (participants with >=1 adverse event) · Adults with Parkinson's disease and sialorrhea (drooling) · Approximately 1 month post-injection (one study ~1 week), BoNT type A
The effectiveness and safety of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of sialorrhea with Parkinson's… (2023)
RD 0.10 [0.00, 0.21]5 studies · 117 participantsUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 5
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.62 [0.45, 0.86]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 7
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR− 0.21 [0.05, 0.92]1 studyUngraded
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s)
Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 12
Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023)
LR+ 1.66 [1.50, 1.86]1 studyUngraded
38% SDF vs atraumatic restorative treatment
restoration and caries status · children with caries in permanent molars · 9 months
A systematic review on the effect of silver diamine fluoride for management of dental caries in permanent… (2023)
no estimate extracted1 study · 190 participantsUngraded