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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
SOCIAL SKILLS vs DISCUSSION CONTROL Global state GAS · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 63 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs DISCUSSION CONTROL Mental state: general symptoms · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 99 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs DISCUSSION CONTROL Quality of life QLS · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 63 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.52 [0.34, 0.79]	2 studies · 263 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE Rehospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.53 [0.3, 0.93]	1 study · 143 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE Mental state: general symptoms (BPRS) · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 91 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE Global state: not clinically improved. CGI · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.29 [0.12, 0.68]	1 study · 67 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE General functioning MRSS · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 112 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life GWB. Scale from: 10 to 40. · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 112 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs DISCUSSION CONTROL Social functioning Various scales · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 63 participants	Very low
SOCIAL SKILLS vs DISCUSSION CONTROL Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Social skills programmes for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 2.12 [0.44, 10.1]	1 study · 35 participants	Very low
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Global state: Clinically significant improvement · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Mental state: Delusions ‐ clinically significant improvement · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Mental state: Depression BDI · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Low
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Mental state: Anxiety BAI · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Low
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Service use: Admission · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Social function: Self worth ‐ average score Social Self‐Esteem Inventory · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 17 participants	Very low
Adjunct cognitive behavioural therapy vs adjunct supportive psychotherapy Adverse event: Leaving the study early · patients with delusional disorder Treatments for delusional disorder (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.18]	1 study · 24 participants	Moderate
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Clinically important response to treatment (short term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.87, 1]	40 studies · 2132 participants	Low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Adverse effects: number of participants with at least one adverse effect (medium term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.58, 1.97]	2 studies · 137 participants	Very low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Adverse effects: extrapyramidal side effects: number of participants with at least one extrapyramidal side effect (medium term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.62, 1.75]	1 study · 80 participants	Very low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Leaving the study early due to any reason as a measure of overall acceptability (short term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.87, 1.24]	28 studies · 1299 participants	Low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Leaving the study early due to inefficacy of treatment as a measure of overall efficacy (short term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.4, 2.16]	13 studies · 507 participants	Very low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Leaving the study early due to adverse events as a measure of overall tolerability (short term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.42, 2.35]	16 studies · 640 participants	Very low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Adverse effects: number of participants with at least one adverse effect (short term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.2]	10 studies · 693 participants	Low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Adverse effects: extrapyramidal side effects: number of participants with at least one extrapyramidal side effect (short term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.31]	17 studies · 998 participants	Very low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Clinically important response to treatment (medium term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.51 [0.37, 0.69]	1 study · 80 participants	Low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Leaving the study early due to any reason as a measure of overall acceptability (medium term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.75, 1.38]	2 studies · 137 participants	Very low
Haloperidol vs first‐generation antipsychotics Leaving the study early due to adverse events as a measure of overall tolerability (medium term) · people with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus first‐generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic… (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 80 participants	Low
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs Placebo Clinical efficacy ‐ improvement (> 40%) in ESRS scores from baseline ESRS1 · patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 19.97 [2.87, 139.19]	2 studies · 65 participants	Low
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs Placebo Global: Other adverse effects than tardive dyskinesia Self‐report by participants · patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 3.97 [0.2, 78.59]	2 studies · 65 participants	Low
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs Placebo Global: Discontinuation of Vitamin B6 · patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 8.72 [0.51, 149.75]	2 studies · 65 participants	Low
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs Placebo Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration in tardive dyskinesia symptoms ESRS1 · patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.16 [0.01, 3.14]	2 studies · 65 participants	Low
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs Placebo General mental state: Positive psychiatric symptom score PANSS5. Scale from: 7 to 49. · patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 15 participants	Low
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs Placebo General mental state: Negative psychiatric symptoms PANSS5. Scale from: 7 to 49. · patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 15 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Siblings' quality of life ‐ by 12 months (reversed FAD, high = good) Reversed FAD. Scale from: 4 to 28. · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Siblings' coping (in terms of burden) ‐ by 12 months (FBIS, high = poor) · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Leaving the study early for any reason ‐ by 12 months · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Service users' general mental state ‐ by 12 months (BPRS, high = poor) · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Service users' number of re‐hospitalisation to a psychiatric inpatient unit over six months ‐ by 12 months · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Service users' inpatient bed occupancy in terms of average days of hospital stay over 6 months ‐ by 12 months · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
Psychoeducation vs standard care Service users' specific aspect of quality of life, i.e. social functioning ‐ by 12 months (SLOF, high = good) Scale from: 43 to 215. · Siblings of people with severe mental illness Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 9 participants	Low
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Mental state: Overall ‐ not improved PANSS · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.88]	1 study · 83 participants	Moderate
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Social functioning: Overall ‐ not improved SOFS · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.77, 1]	1 study · 83 participants	Moderate
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life: Average change ‐ mental health SF‐36 · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 60 participants	Low
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Physical health: Average change SF‐36 · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 60 participants	Low
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Adverse events: any · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 94 participants	Moderate
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Costs of care · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
YOGA vs STANDARD CARE Leaving the study early Leaving the study early: participants lost to · people with schizophrenia Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.6, 1.37]	8 studies · 457 participants	Moderate
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Clinically significant response on global state ‐ as defined by each of the studies, Improvement (CGI) ‐ short term ‐ as rated by nurse Improvement (CGI) ‐ short term ‐ as rated by psychiatrist · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 2.57 [1.06, 6.2]	1 study · 29 participants	Very low