Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.91 [2.05, 7.44] | 12 studies · 1523 participants | Moderate |
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Major brain injury (within hospital stay) · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.27] | 5 studies · 1100 participants | Moderate |
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Pulmonary haemorrhage (within hospital stay) · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.38, 0.95] | 1 study · 796 participants | Moderate |
Plastic wrap or bag vs routine care Mortality (death within hospital stay or at 6 months' corrected gestation) · preterm and/or low birth weight infants Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.73, 1.15] | 10 studies · 1447 participants | Moderate |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Mortality to hospital discharge · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.69, 1.17] | 14 studies · 1407 participants | Low |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.48, 2.23] | 2 studies · 201 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Postnatal growth failure at discharge (weight < 10th centile) · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.56, 0.97] | 3 studies · 203 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Weight gain to discharge (g/kg/d) · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 291 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Head circumference growth to discharge (cm/week) · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 315 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Retinopathy of prematurity · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.21, 0.93] | 4 studies · 269 participants | Very low |
Higher vs lower amino acid intake Abnormal blood urea nitrogen (various criteria) · preterm infants Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.77 [2.13, 3.61] | 7 studies · 688 participants | High |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 7 [0.38, 129.11] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Necrotizing enterocolitis: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.16, 7.1] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Sepsis: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.28, 3.58] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Sepsis: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.26, 2.86] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.56, 3.14] | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.84, 9.46] | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.01, 2.11] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.04, 3.24] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.24, 7.57] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.06, 14.6] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Necrotizing enterocolitis: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.16, 7.1] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.2, 3.27] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Sepsis: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.26, 2.86] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K Mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.6, 7.51] | 1 study · 65 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.19, 20.72] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.13, 3.96] | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.37, 6.23] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.07 [0.41, 10.43] | 1 study · 57 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.07, 16.36] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Presence of PIVKA II at day 25 ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.5 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.74] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Intramuscular vitamin K vs intravenous vitamin K Necrotizing enterocolitis ‐ 0.2 mg IV versus 0.2 mg IM · preterm infants Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.15, 6.57] | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Structural outcome ‐ retinal detachment · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.21, 5.13] | 3 studies · 272 participants | Very low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy combined with laser/cryotherapy vs laser/cryotherapy Outcomes* · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy combined with laser/cryotherapy vs laser/cryotherapy Structural outcome ‐ retinal detachment (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.12, 0.55] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy combined with laser/cryotherapy vs laser/cryotherapy Local adverse effects ‐ perioperative retinal haemorrhages (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.24, 1.56] | 1 study · 152 participants | Very low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy combined with laser/cryotherapy vs laser/cryotherapy Recurrence of ROP by 55 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.12, 0.7] | 1 study · 76 participants | Low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Structural outcome ‐ complete retinal detachment (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.5] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Refractive error ‐ very high myopia ‐ at 30 months of age (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.06 [0.02, 0.2] | 1 study · 211 participants | Low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Mortality before discharge from primary hospital · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.26, 8.75] | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Mortality at 30 months of age · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.3, 2.45] | 1 study · 150 participants | Low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Local adverse effects ‐ corneal opacity requiring corneal transplant (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.01, 8.26] | 1 study · 286 participants | Very low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Local adverse effects ‐ lens opacity requiring cataract removal (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.79] | 3 studies · 544 participants | Very low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Recurrence of ROP (up to 6 months of age) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.47, 1.63] | 2 studies · 193 participants | Very low |
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy Recurrence of ROP (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (2018) · Cochrane | RR 5.36 [1.22, 23.5] | 2 studies · 188 participants | Very low |
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Mortality, near term corrected age or discharge · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63] | 10 studies · 914 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.35] | 2 studies · 208 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Intubation in the delivery room · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18] | 9 studies · 875 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Severe retinopathy of prematurity (≥ stage 3) · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.36] | 4 studies · 453 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.51, 1.71] | 6 studies · 596 participants | Low |