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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Time to complete healing of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Change in area/depth/volume of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [0.59, 4.33] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Costs ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Time to pressure ulcer development ‐ not reported · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Pressure ulcers healed · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.49, 3.15] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Time to complete healing of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Pressure ulcer area (absolute) · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 71 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.77, 1.79] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Costs ‐ not reported · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants vs standard diet or placebo Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · residents of long‐term care (≥ 65 years) with pressure ulcers; inpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Pressure ulcers healed · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.8, 3.46] | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Time to complete healing of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Change in pressure ulcer area (cm²) · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Change in pressure ulcer area (percentage) · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Acceptability of nutritional supplements: non‐adherence · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 15.6 [0.94, 259] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [0.36, 6.64] | 3 studies · 282 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Costs (EUR) · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 138 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Arginine and micronutrients vs standard diet Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · malnourished patients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Pressure ulcers healed ‐ not reported · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Time to complete healing of pressure ulcers ‐ not reported · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Change in pressure ulcer area (cm²) · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Side effects: at least one adverse event · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.69 [0.33, 22.3] | 2 studies · 154 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Side effects ‐ not reported · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Costs ‐ not reported · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Collagen vs standard diet or placebo Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · adult inpatients or outpatients with pressure ulcers Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Costs ‐ not reported · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet Health‐related quality of life ‐ not reported · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of… Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet Incidence of pressure ulcers · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.49, 1.14] | 4 studies · 4264 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet Time to pressure ulcer development ‐ not reported · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet Acceptability of nutritional supplements ‐ not reported · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care All‐cause mortality · adults with heart failure Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.71, 1.21] | 34 studies · 3941 participants | Low |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care All‐cause hospital admissions · adults with heart failure Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.86] | 23 studies · 2283 participants | Moderate |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care HF‐related hospital admissions · adults with heart failure Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.35] | 10 studies · 911 participants | Moderate |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care HRQoL (MLWHF only) · adults with heart failure Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 2699 participants | Moderate |
Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation vs usual care HRQoL (all measurement scales) · adults with heart failure Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 33 studies · 4769 participants | Very low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Clinical vertebral fractures · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3.03 [0.32, 28.44] | NR | Low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Wrist fractures · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.13, 6.04] | NR | Very low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.54, 2.18] | NR | Very low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Serious adverse events · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Non‐vertebral fractures · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.2, 1.61] | NR | Moderate |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Hip fractures · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Wrist fractures № of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.81, 2.47] | NR | Low |
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo Serious adverse events · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.52, 1.54] | NR | Moderate |