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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Needle aspiration (needle removed immediately after aspiration) vs intercostal tube drainage Bleeding from incision for the insertion of the needle or the tube ‐ not reported · patients with pneumothorax in the newborn Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Needle aspiration (needle removed immediately after aspiration) vs intercostal tube drainage Haemothorax ‐ not reported · patients with pneumothorax in the newborn Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Needle aspiration (needle or angiocatheter left in situ) vs intercostal tube drainage Mortality neonatal (first 28 days of life) ‐ not reported · patients with pneumothorax in the newborn Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Needle aspiration (needle or angiocatheter left in situ) vs intercostal tube drainage Mortality during hospitalisation · patients with pneumothorax in the newborn Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.27, 8.45] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Needle aspiration (needle or angiocatheter left in situ) vs intercostal tube drainage Need for intercostal tube drainage · patients with pneumothorax in the newborn Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.01 [0, 0.21] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · newborn infants at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.42 [0.7, 8.38] | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Any upper gastrointestinal bleeding in infants at risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding · newborn infants at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.22, 0.58] | 4 studies · 329 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · infants with upper gastrointestinal bleeding Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.26, 1.51] | 2 studies · 131 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duration of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (days) · infants with upper gastrointestinal bleeding Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 104 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Continued upper gastrointestinal bleeding · infants with upper gastrointestinal bleeding Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.26, 0.49] | 6 studies · 451 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anaemia requiring blood transfusion · infants with upper gastrointestinal bleeding Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.11, 3.19] | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Intervention NR True positives (infants with late‐onset infection) C‐reactive protein for diagnosing late‐onset infection in newborn infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR False negatives (infants incorrectly classified as not having late‐onset infection) C‐reactive protein for diagnosing late‐onset infection in newborn infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR True negatives (infants without late‐onset infection) C‐reactive protein for diagnosing late‐onset infection in newborn infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR False positives (infants incorrectly classified as having late‐onset infection) C‐reactive protein for diagnosing late‐onset infection in newborn infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR CI: confidence interval. C‐reactive protein for diagnosing late‐onset infection in newborn infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hydrolysed vs non‐hydrolysed formula Feed intolerance · feeding preterm infants Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.71 [0.29, 25] | 3 studies · 161 participants | Low |
Hydrolysed vs non‐hydrolysed formula Necrotising enterocolitis · feeding preterm infants Protein hydrolysate versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.36, 3.34] | 5 studies · 385 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus (kernicterus) · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Major neurodevelopmental disability · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Side effects · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Maximum plasma unconjugated bilirubin levels; · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 78 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Treatment with phototherapy · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Stool frequency · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 154 participants | High |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Duration of phototherapy (days) · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Length of hospital stay (days) · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 78 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Neonatal mortality · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.14, 6.19] | 2 studies · 78 participants | Low |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (encephalopathy) · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Feeding supplementation with prebiotics vs no prebiotics Exchange transfusion (exchange) · Neonates, including term neonates (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks), late preterm neonates (35 to 37 weeks' gestation) and… Prebiotics for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Incidence of NEC within 48 hours after transfusion · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Incidence of NEC any time after first transfusion · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Mortality to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Length of hospital stay (days) · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Total number of days to full oral feeds · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Incidence of feed intolerance · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Stopping feeds vs continuing feeds during transfusion Growth · preterm infants receiving transfusion Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion‐associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Necrotizing enterocolitis · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.2, 4.54] | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 | 1 study · 121 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Weight (change during intervention) (mean ± SD) · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length (change during intervention) (mean ± SD) · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Head circumference (change during intervention) (mean ± SD) · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Feeding interruption requiring parenteral nutrition · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.86 | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Late‐onset sepsis · Preterm neonates (< 37 0/7 weeks' gestation) fed exclusively with breast milk Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs non‐fish oil LE Growth rate – MOFS‐LE vs S‐LE · parenterally fed preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 347 participants | Low |
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs another fish oil LE Growth rate – MOFS‐LE vs MFS‐LE · parenterally fed preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs another fish oil LE PNALD/cholestasis (conjugated bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL) – MOFS‐LE vs MFS‐LE · parenterally fed preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.06, 14.65] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs another fish oil LE Death before discharge – MOFS‐LE vs MFS‐LE · parenterally fed preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.15, 6.64] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs another fish oil LE CLD (oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) – MOFS‐LE vs MFS‐LE · parenterally fed preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.4, 3.35] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs another fish oil LE Any sepsis (clinical or culture positive (or both)) – MOFS‐LE vs MFS‐LE · parenterally fed preterm infants Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [0.56, 5.11] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |