What do systematic reviews say?

Home‐based record combined with other interventions vs usual care

Home‐based record combined with other interventions may leads to higher proportion of children who received DTP3 or Penta 3 ‐ HBR + health… compared with routine care (low certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [1.22, 1.82]
  2 studies · 1502 participants
  Low

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Immunisation outreach probably leads to higher proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all… compared with routine care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.28 [1.23, 1.33]
  1 study · 49444 participants
  Moderate

Fentanyl vs tramadol

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Morphine vs paracetamol

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher education versus control: uptake of screening (low certainty).

• Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.35 [1.18, 1.54]
  13 studies · 63415 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2500 participants
  Very low

Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention

Behavioural weight management interventions showed no clear difference in mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment ‐ Weight management… compared with brief advice or no intervention (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.04
  2 studies · 140 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.89
  2 studies · 81 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.21
  2 studies · 61 participants
  Very low

Behavioural weight management interventions vs brief advice or no intervention

Behavioural weight management interventions showed no clear difference in smoking cessation at 6 months ‐ Weight management education versus… compared with brief advice or no intervention (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.78, 1.33]
  3 studies · 660 participants
  Low
• Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.48, 0.9]
  2 studies · 522 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Strategies for improving adherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in people with epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 1938 participants
  Moderate

Hypnotherapy vs behavioural treatments or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether hypnotherapy changes hypnotherapy versus brief attention/advice/smoking cessation… compared with behavioural treatments or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.57, 1.69]
  2 studies · 269 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes diarrhoea prevalence Controlled cohort studies: Sanitation Hygiene… (very low certainty).

• Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil‐transmitted helminth infection 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.64, 1.28]
  2 studies · 2000 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1401 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 307 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 2936 participants
  Very low

Increasing community demand vs no intervention or another intervention

Increasing community demand leads to higher client‐based education (nurses or pharmacists educated and nurses… compared with no intervention or another intervention (high certainty).

• Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.29 [1.91, 5.66]
  2 studies · 614 participants
  High

Increasing community demand vs no intervention or another intervention

Increasing community demand leads to higher client‐based education (nurses educated and vaccinated participants)… compared with no intervention or another intervention (high certainty).

• Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 152.95 [9.39, 2490.67]
  1 study · 485 participants
  High

Provider‐ or system‐based interventions vs no intervention or another intervention

Provider‐ or system‐based interventions showed no clear difference in educational reminders, academic detailing, and peer comparisons to… compared with no intervention or another intervention (moderate certainty).

• Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.13 [0.8, 1.58]
  1 study · 1400 participants
  Moderate