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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

1,518 questions in 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases

current versions

No studies 135 · 8.9%Ungraded 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Death · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 121 participants	Ungraded
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Symptomatic hyponatraemia · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 39 participants	Ungraded
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Severe biochemical hyponatraemia(serum sodium < 125 mmol/L) · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.02, 8.1]	2 studies · 102 participants	Low
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Biochemical hyponatraemia(serum sodium < 130 mmol/L) · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.66 [0.26, 1.69]	2 studies · 102 participants	Low
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Duration of diarrhoea(in hours) · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 102 participants	Low
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Stool output in first 24 hours after admission or randomization · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Need for unscheduled intravenous infusion · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.12]	5 studies · 616 participants	Moderate
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Symptomatic hyponatraemia · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 620 participants	Ungraded
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Biochemical hyponatraemia (serum sodium < 130 mmol/L) · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	RR 1.67 [1.09, 2.57]	4 studies · 465 participants	Moderate
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Severe biochemical hyponatraemia (serum sodium < 125 mmol/L) · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	RR 1.58 [0.62, 4.04]	4 studies · 465 participants	Low
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Duration of diarrhoea (in hours) · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 683 participants	Moderate
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Stool output in first 24 hours after admission or randomization · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 581 participants	Moderate
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Death · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
ORS ≤ 270 mOsm/L (rice‐based) vs ORS ≥ 310 mOsm/L (glucose‐based) Need for unscheduled intravenous infusion · patients with cholera Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Death · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.81	1 study · 156 participants	Low
Intervention NR Major neurological sequelae · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Coma recovery time · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 156 participants	Low
Intervention NR Time to hospital discharge · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Need for ventilation · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Adverse events · Children aged 6‐60 months with cerebral malaria Mannitol and other osmotic diuretics as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 156 participants	Low
Intervention NR Maternal parasitaemia (at delivery) · HIV‐positive pregnant women living Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.43]	2 studies · 463 participants	Low
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · HIV‐positive pregnant women Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Placental parasitaemia (at delivery) · HIV‐positive pregnant women living Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.38 [0.21, 0.7]	2 studies · 459 participants	Low
Intervention NR Maternal anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dL at delivery) · HIV‐positive pregnant women living Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.72, 1.2]	2 studies · 447 participants	Low
Intervention NR Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) · HIV‐positive pregnant women living Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.52, 1.23]	2 studies · 469 participants	Low
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · HIV‐positive pregnant women living Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.29 [0.08, 1.05]	1 study · 253 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Maternal parasitaemia (at delivery) · HIV‐positive pregnant women Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.06, 14.75]	1 study · 159 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Placental parasitaemia (at delivery) · HIV‐positive pregnant women Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 1.87 [0.17, 20.23]	1 study · 153 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Maternal anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dL at delivery) · HIV‐positive pregnant women Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.69, 1.4]	1 study · 157 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) · HIV‐positive pregnant women Intermittent preventive treatment regimens for malaria in HIV‐positive pregnant women (2011) · Cochrane	RR 1.41 [0.57, 3.51]	1 study · 155 participants	Very low
Intervention NR How many people get cholera during the first 2 years after vaccination? · Adults and children Oral vaccines for preventing cholera (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 29005 participants	High
Intervention NR How long does the protection last? · Adults and children Oral vaccines for preventing cholera (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 58184 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Are there any side effects? · Adults and children Oral vaccines for preventing cholera (2011) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	14 studies · 44924 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic vs no drug or placebo Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.21 [0.09, 0.48]	1 study · 73 participants	Very low
Fluoroquinolones vs beta‐lactams Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.77, 1.39]	4 studies · 570 participants	Very low
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.24, 1.49]	2 studies · 189 participants	Very low
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 1.33 [0.32, 5.56]	1 study · 76 participants	Very low
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.59 [0.23, 1.49]	2 studies · 89 participants	Very low
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cotrimoxazole vs beta‐lactams Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.27, 2.45]	2 studies · 89 participants	Very low
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotic vs no drug or placebo Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.3 [0.15, 0.59]	1 study · 76 participants	Very low
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cotrimoxazole vs fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin) Other adverse events clinical criteria · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 2.82 [0.12, 66.62]	1 study · 62 participants	Very low
Cotrimoxazole vs furazolidone Diarrhoea on · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.27, 1.84]	1 study · 101 participants	Very low