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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction
current versionsNo studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Varenicline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.18 [0.93, 1.49] | 42 studies · 13407 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cytisine · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.58, 1.5] | 5 studies · 2915 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 [0.71, 1.29] | 27 studies · 12602 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.75, 1.54] | 18 studies · 5551 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.5, 1.23] | 7 studies · 1642 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [0.97, 1.92] | 22 studies · 7231 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Varenicline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 2.33 [2.02, 2.68] | 67 studies · 16430 participants | High |
Intervention NR Cytisine · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 2.21 [1.66, 2.97] | 7 studies · 3848 participants | High |
Intervention NR Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.37 [1.2, 1.56] | 105 studies · 37319 participants | High |
Intervention NR Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.41 [1.29, 1.55] | 120 studies · 31756 participants | High |
Intervention NR Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 2.37 [1.73, 3.24] | 16 studies · 3828 participants | High |
Intervention NR Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8] | 8 studies · 1094 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.43 [1.26, 1.62] | 71 studies · 14759 participants | High |
Intervention NR Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [1.02, 1.81] | 10 studies · 1290 participants | Moderate |
Mindfulness training vs control Mindfulness training vs matched‐intensity smoking cessation treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.67, 1.46] | 3 studies · 542 participants | Low |
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs control Mental health and well‐being · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 252 participants | Very low |
Distress tolerance training vs control Distress tolerance training vs matched‐intensity smoking cessation treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.26, 2.98] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Distress tolerance training vs control Distress tolerance training vs less intensive smoking cessation treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.33, 8.08] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
Distress tolerance training vs control Mental health and well‐being · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
Yoga vs control Yoga vs matched‐intensity smoking cessation treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.4, 5.16] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs control Mental health and well‐being · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness training vs control Mindfulness training vs less intensive smoking cessation treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.65, 2.19] | 5 studies · 813 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness training vs control Mindfulness training vs no treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.43, 1.53] | 1 study · 325 participants | Low |
Mindfulness training vs control Mindfulness‐based relapse prevention vs no treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.56, 3.67] | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness training vs control Mental health and well‐being · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 633 participants | Very low |
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs control ACT vs matched‐intensity smoking cessation treatment: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 5723 participants | Very low |
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs control ACT vs NRT: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.53, 3.02] | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs control ACT vs brief advice: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.59, 2.75] | 1 study · 144 participants | Very low |
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) vs control ACT vs less intensive ACT: smoking cessation (≥ 6‐month · people who smoke Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.5, 2.01] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Heated tobacco use vs cigarette smoking Adverse events – measured by self‐report · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.92, 1.15] | 6 studies · 1713 participants | Low |
Heated tobacco use vs snus use Smoking cessation – not measured · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heated tobacco use vs snus use Adverse events – measured by self‐report · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.94, 1.8] | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs snus use Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs snus use NNAL at · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | MD 160 | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs snus use COHb at · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | MD 2.24 | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cigarette sales – · ‐level impact of heated tobacco on cigarette smoking prevalence Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs cigarette smoking Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.33, 1.94] | 9 studies · 2009 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs cigarette smoking NNALat · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | 0.81 | 10 studies · 1959 participants | Moderate |
Heated tobacco use vs cigarette smoking COHbat · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | 0.74 | 9 studies · 1807 participants | Moderate |
Heated tobacco use vs abstinence from tobacco Smoking cessation – not measured · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Heated tobacco use vs abstinence from tobacco Adverse events – measured by self‐report · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.86, 1.46] | 2 studies · 237 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs abstinence from tobacco Serious adverse events – measured by self‐report and medical records · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 533 participants | Very low |
Heated tobacco use vs abstinence from tobacco NNALat · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | 0.5 | 5 studies · 382 participants | Moderate |
Heated tobacco use vs abstinence from tobacco COHb at · people who smoke Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence (2022) · Cochrane | 0.69 | 3 studies · 212 participants | Very low |
Smoking cessation vs continuous smoking Death from cardiovascular disease at 19 months to 126 months · people with coronary heart diease Smoking cessation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | HR 0.61 [0.49, 0.75] | 18 studies · 17982 participants | Moderate |
Smoking cessation vs continuous smoking Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 19 months to 110 months · people with coronary heart diease Smoking cessation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | HR 0.57 [0.45, 0.71] | 15 studies · 20521 participants | Low |
Interventions delivered by dental professionals vs control Multi‐session behavioural support versus usual care, brief advice, or very brief advice, or less active treatment Smoking cessation (≥ 6 months · participants who used tobacco products Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [1.17, 3.11] | 7 studies · 2639 participants | Very low |
Interventions delivered by dental professionals vs control Single session behavioural support versus usual care, brief advice, or very brief advice Smoking cessation (≥ 6 months · participants who used tobacco products Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [1.01, 3.41] | 4 studies · 6328 participants | Very low |