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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Non‐nutritive sucking vs no‐treatment control Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · full‐term born neonates Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 545 participants | Very low |
Non‐nutritive sucking vs no‐treatment control Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · full‐term born neonates Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 536 participants | Very low |
Non‐nutritive sucking vs no‐treatment control Adverse events · full‐term born neonates Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 507 participants | Very low |
Swaddling vs no‐treatment control Pain reactivity (first 30 seconds post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 468 participants | Very low |
Swaddling vs no‐treatment control Immediate pain regulation (between 30 seconds and 5 minutes post‐procedure) · preterm born neonates Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 204 participants | Very low |
Swaddling vs no‐treatment control Adverse events · preterm born neonates Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 304 participants | Low |
Application of heat vs application of cold At least a clinically significant reduction in pain within 6 hours Reported in studies as: clinically improved or reduced pain,a or cessation of pain at end of treatmentb · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [1.42, 3.56] | 2 studies · 142 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Clinically significant reduction in pain · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cessation of pain at end of treatmenta · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Retreatment with the same intervention at 0 to 1 hour · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Retreatment with the alternative intervention at 0 to 1 hour · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Dermatological signs up to 1 week after the sting · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Application of heat vs application of cold Adverse events due to treatment Minor adverse events, reported in studies as: exacerbation in pain after treatment; burn as a result of hot‐water immersion, or transient erythema, or adverse effects due to application of ice · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.19] | 2 studies · 142 participants | Very low |
Application of heat vs application of cold Clinically significant reduction in pain at 0 to 1 hour Reported in studies as: clinically improved or reduced paina · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [1.71, 4.15] | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Application of heat vs application of cold Cessation of pain at end of treatmentb · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.81, 3.27] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Application of heat vs application of cold Retreatment with the same intervention · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.9] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Application of heat vs application of cold Retreatment with the alternative treatment (heat or cold application) at 0 to 1 hour · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.55, 1.82] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Application of heat vs application of cold Dermatological signs up to 1 week after the sting Reported in studies as: itchiness, red mark, or rash · people stung accidentally by bluebottle jellyfish (Physalia) and box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.63, 1.65] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR At least a clinically significant reduction in pain within 6 hours Reported in study as complete cessation of pain.a · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events due to treatment · people stung accidentally by box jellyfish that do not cause Irukandji syndrome (Hawaiian box jellyfish; Carybdea… Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 97 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain intensity measured on CHQ (0‐100; 0 = worse pain), and VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain) Postintervention: first assessment after end of treatment; no later than 3 months · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Depression none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anxiety none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain intensity none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Disability none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Depression none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anxiety none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Disability measured on CHAQ (0 to 3; 0 = no disability) Postintervention: first assessment after end of treatment; no later than 3 months · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 170 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Depression none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anxiety none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life measured on multiple scales (0 to 100; higher score = better quality of life) Postintervention: first assessment after end of treatment; no later than 3 months · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 201 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain intensity none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Disability none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events none of the studies reported on this outcome · children and adolescents aged 4 years to 18 years, with chronic musculoskeletal pain Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Fatigue relief ( · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 165 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Adverse events · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 165 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Quality of life (QoL) ( · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs modafinil Fatigue relief ( · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs modafinil Adverse events · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs modafinil Serious adverse events · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroids vs modafinil Quality of life ( · adults with advanced cancer and cancer‐related fatigue Corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related fatigue in adults with advanced cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
CBT vs TAU (post‐treatment) Pain intensity (Higher scores indicate higher pain intensity) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 3206 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs TAU (at follow‐up) Functional disability (Higher scores indicate increased disability) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs TAU (at follow‐up) Quality of life (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 352 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs TAU (at follow‐up) Adverse events (number of people with adverse events) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |