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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds Adverse effects related to intervention · preterm infants Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds Duration of parenteral nutrition (time to removal of IV nutrition line) · preterm infants Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 977 participants | Low |
Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds Time to reach full enteral feeds (150 mL/kg/day or as defined by the trialists) · preterm infants Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 736 participants | Very low |
Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds Feeding intolerance during hospitalisation (resulting in discontinuation of or reduction in enteral feeding) · preterm infants Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds Necrotising enterocolitis during hospitalisation (Bell's stage ≥ 2) · preterm infants Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.47, 1.84] | 2 studies · 435 participants | Low |
Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds Late infection during hospitalisation (bacterial or fungal infection confirmed by presence of blood or CSF infection, with initiation of symptoms > 48 hours after birth) · preterm infants Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.74, 1.75] | 2 studies · 436 participants | Moderate |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Validated pain scales · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Validated pain scores · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21. Lower score = less pain · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Heart rate · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care SaO 2 during endotracheal suctioning · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs standard care — · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care Validated pain scores · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21 Lower score = less pain · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
White noise vs standard care Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21. Lower score = less pain · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 148 participants | Moderate |
White noise vs standard care Heart rate · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
White noise vs standard care SaO 2 · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | MD 2.25 | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
White noise vs standard care Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
White noise vs standard care — · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Heart rate · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Low |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care SaO 2 during endotracheal suctioning · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.87 | 2 studies · 80 participants | Low |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care SDB during endotracheal suctioning · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care SRB during endotracheal suctioning · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.9 [0.2, 1.6] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs standard care — · neonates with mechanical ventilation Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phenobarbital vs control IVH any grade (Papile classification) during hospitalisation · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.84, 1.19] | 10 studies · 792 participants | Low |
Phenobarbital vs control Severe IVH (Papile classification) during hospitalisation · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.64, 1.21] | 10 studies · 792 participants | Low |
Phenobarbital vs control Ventricular dilation or hydrocephalus during hospitalisation · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.31, 1.26] | 4 studies · 271 participants | Very low |
Phenobarbital vs control Mild neurodevelopmental impairment at 27 months of age · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.15, 2.17] | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Phenobarbital vs control Severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 9 to 27 months of age · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.44, 2.82] | 2 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Phenobarbital vs control Death before discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.64, 1.21] | 9 studies · 740 participants | Low |
Phenobarbital vs control All deaths during the study · preterm infants with or at risk of IVH Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.72, 1.33] | 10 studies · 792 participants | Low |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Respiratory failure postextubation · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.67, 0.84] | 19 studies · 2738 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Endotracheal reintubation · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.7, 0.87] | 17 studies · 2608 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Gastrointestinal perforation · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.58, 1.38] | 8 studies · 1478 participants | Low |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.15] | 10 studies · 2069 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Chronic lung disease (oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks) · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.05] | 9 studies · 2001 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Pulmonary air leak · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.37, 0.87] | 13 studies · 2404 participants | Low |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) Mortality (defined as death before discharge) · preterm neonates after extubation Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.61, 1.07] | 11 studies · 2258 participants | Low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.35, 0.93] | 6 studies · 416 participants | Low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Periventricular leukomalacia · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Length of hospital stay in days for survivors to discharge · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.31, 5.66] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Retinopathy of prematurity, any stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.36, 4.39] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |