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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
611 questions in 50 reviews · Injuries
current versionsNo studies 125 · 20.5%Ungraded 22 · 3.6%Very low 185 · 30.3%Low 171 · 28%Moderate 77 · 12.6%High 31 · 5.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Infection (up to 90 days) · cancer surgery Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.4, 1.5] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Transfusions (during hospital stay) · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.31, 0.63] | 3 studies · 194 participants | Moderate |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Volume of transfusion (units) (PPT) (during hospital stay) · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Mortality (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage DVT (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Infection (up to 90 days) · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage MI (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage CVA (stroke) (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · orthopaedic (spinal) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Transfusions (during hospital stay) · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.45, 0.9] | 11 studies · 4011 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Volume of transfusion (units) (PPT) (during hospital stay) · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 395 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Mortality (up to 90 days) · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage MI (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · cancer surgery Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage DVT (up to 90 days) · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.41 [0.09, 1.92] | 4 studies · 3295 participants | Low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Infection (up to 90 days) · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 239 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage MI (up to 90 days) · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.62 [0.17, 2.22] | 2 studies · 3017 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage CVA (stroke) (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · orthopaedic (mixed) Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage CVA (stroke) (up to 90 days) ‐ not reported · cancer surgery Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Transfusions (during hospital stay) · cardiovascular (vascular) surgeries Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.32, 1.15] | 4 studies · 266 participants | Very low |
Cell salvage vs no cell salvage Volume of transfusion (units) (PPT) (during hospital stay) · cardiovascular (vascular) surgeries Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 74 participants | Low |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of requiring allogeneic blood transfusion (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.34, 0.69] | 6 studies · 457 participants | Low |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo Re‐operation due to bleeding (7 days post‐surgery) ‐ not reported · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of myocardial infarction (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.15 [0, 7.62] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of cerebrovascular accident/stroke (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 65 participants | Very low |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of deep vein thrombosis (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.11 [0.07, 17.77] | 2 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of suspected serious drug reactions (30 days) ‐ not reported · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo All‐cause mortality (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.38 [0.05, 2.77] | 2 studies · 147 participants | Low |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo Re‐operation due to bleeding (7 days post‐surgery) ‐ not reported · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of myocardial infarction (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 2 studies · 199 participants | Low |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of cerebrovascular accident/stroke (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 3 studies · 324 participants | Low |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of deep vein thrombosis (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | Peto OR 2.15 [0.22, 21.35] | 4 studies · 329 participants | Very low |
Intravenous tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of suspected serious drug reactions (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 2 studies · 185 participants | Very low |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo Risk of requiring allogeneic blood transfusion (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.08, 1.22] | 2 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Topical tranexamic acid vs placebo All‐cause mortality (30 days post‐surgery) · people undergoing definitive fixation of hip, pelvic and long bone fractures Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or… (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Participants exposed to blood transfusion (all studies) · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.53, 0.66] | 42 studies · 20057 participants | High |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols 30‐Day mortality · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.15] | 31 studies · 16729 participants | High |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Myocardial infarction · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.87, 1.24] | 23 studies · 14370 participants | High |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Congestive heart failure · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.53, 1.29] | 16 studies · 7247 participants | Low |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Cerebrovascular accident ‐ stroke · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.64, 1.09] | 19 studies · 13985 participants | High |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Rebleeding · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.59, 1.09] | 8 studies · 3412 participants | Moderate |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Thromboembolism · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.65, 1.88] | 13 studies · 4201 participants | Moderate |
Liberal vs restrictive transfusion protocols Infection · adults and children (haemodynamically stable) with potential need for RBC transfusion Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.88, 1.07] | 25 studies · 17104 participants | High |
Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide plus usual care vs usual care (with or without placebo) Mortality at 30 days following the ingestion of paraquat · people with moderate to severe oral paraquat poisoning Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide plus usual care vs usual care (with or without placebo) All‐cause mortality at final · people with moderate to severe oral paraquat poisoning Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 | 2 studies · 322 participants | Low |
Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide plus usual care vs usual care (with or without placebo) All‐cause mortality at final · people with moderate to severe oral paraquat poisoning Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.85, 1.13] | 1 study · 293 participants | Low |
Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide plus usual care vs usual care (with or without placebo) New infection within 1 week after initiation of treatment Assessed through clinical diagnosis · people with moderate to severe oral paraquat poisoning Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Poor outcome at the end of · adults with traumatic brain injury Interventions to reduce body temperature to 35 ⁰C to 37 ⁰C in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Death from all causes during the · adults with traumatic brain injury Interventions to reduce body temperature to 35 ⁰C to 37 ⁰C in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.86 [0.32, 25.24] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Serious intracranial haemorrhage · adults with traumatic brain injury Interventions to reduce body temperature to 35 ⁰C to 37 ⁰C in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Extracranial haemorrhage · adults with traumatic brain injury Interventions to reduce body temperature to 35 ⁰C to 37 ⁰C in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Abnormal intracranial pressure · adults with traumatic brain injury Interventions to reduce body temperature to 35 ⁰C to 37 ⁰C in adults and children with traumatic brain injury (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |