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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics All‐cause mortality ‐ not reported · farmworkers Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Laboratory‐confirmed leptospirosis · farmworkers Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.53, 4.45] | 1 study · 137 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention All‐cause mortality · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.65, 3.79] | 3 studies · 367 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus cefotaxime) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3.03 [0.13, 73.47] | 1 study · 175 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.8 [0.12, 67.66] | 1 study · 168 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus chloramphenicol) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.15, 3.67] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention Serious adverse event ‐ not reported · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention Adverse events considered non‐serious · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.35, 3.17] | 2 studies · 162 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics All‐cause mortality (penicillin versus a cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone)) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.47, 4.04] | 2 studies · 348 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics All‐cause mortality (penicillin versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.13, 6.46] | 1 study · 168 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics All‐cause mortality (a cephalosporin (cefotaxime) versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.78] | 1 study · 169 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Serious adverse events (nosocomial infection) (penicillin versus cefotaxime) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.15, 7.02] | 1 study · 175 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Serious adverse events (nosocomial infection) (penicillin versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.11, 3.62] | 1 study · 168 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics vs other antibiotics Serious adverse events (nosocomial infection) (doxycycline versus cefotaxime) · people with leptospirosis Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.15, 7.02] | 1 study · 175 participants | Very low |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care All‐cause mortality ( · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.61, 1.23] | 11 studies · 771 participants | Low |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care Serious adverse eventsc ( · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.6, 1.4] | 6 studies · 568 participants | Low |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care Health‐related quality of life · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care Liver retransplantation ( · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.49, 1.96] | 6 studies · 468 participants | Low |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care Primary non‐function of the allograft (at up to 1 month) · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.26, 1.32] | 7 studies · 624 participants | Low |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care Acute kidney failure requiring dialysis ( · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.24, 0.73] | 6 studies · 477 participants | Low |
Prostaglandin vs placebo or standard care Adverse events considered non‐serious ( · adult liver transplanted recipients Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.42, 3.36] | 4 studies · 329 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs no intervention or placebo Perioperative mortality Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.58 [0.89, 7.44] | 4 studies · 782 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs non‐fibrin‐based haemostatic agents Postoperative bile leak Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.6, 2.21] | 9 studies · 1115 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs no intervention or placebo Serious adverse events Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.88, 1.05] | 4 studies · 782 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs no intervention or placebo Postoperative transfusion Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.77, 1.4] | 5 studies · 864 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs no intervention or placebo Reoperation Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.92 [0.58, 14.61] | 2 studies · 612 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs no intervention or placebo Postoperative bile leak Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.67, 1.48] | 4 studies · 782 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs non‐fibrin‐based haemostatic agents Perioperative mortality Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.62, 1.72] | 11 studies · 1436 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs non‐fibrin‐based haemostatic agents Serious adverse events Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | 9 studies · 1176 participants | Low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs non‐fibrin‐based haemostatic agents Postoperative transfusion Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.68, 1.25] | 7 studies · 599 participants | Very low |
Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents vs non‐fibrin‐based haemostatic agents Reoperation Median · adults undergoing liver resection for cancer or benign disease Fibrin‐based haemostatic agents for reducing blood loss in adult liver resection (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.25, 0.9] | 3 studies · 358 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Mortality ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.5, 1.38] | 13 studies · 1007 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide Health‐related quality of life assessed using: SF‐8 (1 trial) or SIP score (1 trial) at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 249 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide Hepatic encephalopathy ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.69, 1.05] | 13 studies · 921 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide Non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.15, 2.13] | 6 studies · 396 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide Blood ammoniameasured in mmol/L, μg/dL, μmol/L, μg/100mL, or μg/mL at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 599 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide Number Connection Test Aassessed using: grade (1 trial), seconds (4 trials), or Z‐score (2 trials) at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 507 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharides alone Mortality ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.55, 0.86] | 14 studies · 1946 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharides alone Serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.98] | 7 studies · 1076 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharides alone Hepatic encephalopathy ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.48, 0.71] | 17 studies · 2332 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharides alone Non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.86, 1.15] | 4 studies · 384 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharides alone Blood ammonia measured in μg/mL at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 325 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.83, 1.32] | 9 studies · 801 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharides alone Number Connection Test A, assessed using: seconds (1 trial) or Z‐score (1 trial) at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 76 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Health‐related quality of life ‐ assessed using: SIP score (3 trials) or EQ‐5D‐3L score (1 trial) · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 214 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Hepatic encephalopathy ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.42, 0.77] | 13 studies · 1009 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of particiapnts · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.79 [0.44, 17.78] | 6 studies · 639 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Blood ammoniameasured in μmol/L, μg/dL or mmol/L at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 381 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo/no intervention Number Connection Test Aassessed using: Z‐score (1 trial) or seconds (3 trials) assessed at trial end · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 203 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide Mortality ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.49, 1.97] | 10 studies · 786 participants | Low |