What do systematic reviews say?

A permanent restorative material or technique (e.g. amalgam; glass ionomer (type I-IV); composite resin (macrofilled, microfilled, hybrid, nanofilled); resin-modified glass ionomer (compomer, giomer); cement/cermet; stainless steel or nickel-chrome crown; pre-fabricated resin/porcelain veneer facing; microabrasion) vs A different permanent restorative material or technique

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the restorative care of amelogenesis imperfecta in children and adolescents 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Main results: No studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Effects of interventions: No studies met the inclusion criteria.
  0 studies
  No studies found

A permanent restorative material or technique (e.g. amalgam; glass ionomer (type I-IV); composite resin (macrofilled, microfilled, hybrid, nanofilled); resin-modified glass ionomer (compomer, giomer); cement/cermet; stainless steel or nickel-chrome crown; pre-fabricated resin/porcelain veneer facing; microabrasion) vs A different permanent restorative material or technique

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the restorative care of amelogenesis imperfecta in children and adolescents 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Main results: No studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Effects of interventions: No studies met the inclusion criteria.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride mouthrinse (any fluoride agent, concentration, volume, frequency or technique; swished and expectorated, not swallowed) vs placebo or no treatment

• Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 1 year/school year
  Study 1: "significant difference" in stain score (from the control) in the group using an amine fluoride mouthrinse; "non-significant difference" (from the control) in the group using sodium fluoride. In 2 trials where…
  3 studies
  Very low

Chlorhexidine varnish vs placebo or no treatment

• Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  One study reported no adverse events for ulcers or tooth staining. One study stated "side-effects due to the CHX treatment were not noted".
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride gel (topically applied; operator- or self-applied; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  None of the studies reported on staining of tooth surfaces (not even Gisselsson 1999, the only trial testing stannous fluoride).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

• Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for… 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse-effect data scarcely reported: a stain score in one trial and 'any side effects' in one trial without complete or useable data (stated 'no side effects observed in both groups'). No useful information on tooth…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Direct resin composite veneer vs Indirect resin composite veneer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Direct versus indirect veneer restorations for intrinsic dental stains 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Planned outcome; colour match was not reported by the single included trial (Meijering 1998).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Fluoride toothpaste led to higher acquiring extrinsic tooth staining (adverse effect; stannous… compared with placebo (non-fluoride) toothpaste; GRADE not reported.

• Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2003 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 1 year
  RD 0.24 [0.19, 0.30]
  5 studies · 3948 participants
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products / fluoride intake vs Male vs female

No study has taken sex/gender into account when assessing fluoride intake, especially in young children.

• Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in low-fluoridated areas

For children in low-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 39% (SD 24%).

• Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes

  Multiple countries · Low fluoride in water (0.3-0.51 mg/L)
  Mean percentage contribution 39
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in extremely fluoridated areas

For children in extremely fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 3% (SD 2%).

• Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes

  Multiple countries · Extreme fluoride in water (>1.5 mg/L)
  Mean percentage contribution 3
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in high-fluoridated areas

For children in high-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 41% (SD 24%).

• Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes

  Multiple countries · High fluoride in water (0.78-1.5 mg/L)
  Mean percentage contribution 41
  8 studies
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in medium-fluoridated areas

For children in medium-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 51% (SD 24%).

• Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes

  Multiple countries · Medium fluoride in water (0.52-0.77 mg/L)
  Mean percentage contribution 51
  14 studies
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources in poor-fluoridated areas

For children in poor-fluoridated areas, the mean contribution was 45% (SD 28%).

• Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes

  Multiple countries · Poor fluoride in water (<0.3 mg/L)
  Mean percentage contribution 45
  10 studies
  GRADE not reported

Bio-active restorative materials vs Any conventional restorative material

No eligible studies were found evaluating bio-active restorative materials for restoring carious primary teeth after pulp therapy.

• Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated primary teeth:… 2022 All outcomes
  No studies were found that reported on the use of restorative materials containing bio-active compounds for the restoration of carious primary teeth after vital or non-vital pulp therapy.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence meta-analysis)

In permanent dentition, the pooled prevalence of dental caries was 57.2% (95% CI 26.3 to 85.3); ungraded.

• Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021 All outcomes

  Pakistan (school-, community-, and hospital/clinic-based cross-sectional surveys) · Dentition: permanent
  Prevalence 57.184 [26.288, 85.251]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported
• Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021 All outcomes

  Pakistan (school-, community-, and hospital/clinic-based cross-sectional surveys) · Dentition: mixed
  Prevalence 61.183 [43.796, 73.274]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported
• Prevalence of dental caries in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021 All outcomes

  Pakistan (school-, community-, and hospital/clinic-based cross-sectional surveys) · City: Islamabad and Rawalpindi (combined)
  Prevalence 57.377 [32.642, 80.287]
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Dietary counselling tailored to a Stage of Change (Transtheoretical Model) to increase fruit and vegetable intake (two counselling sessions) vs usual care

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks after receiving replacement dentures (about 10 weeks after baseline)
  At follow-up 75% (22) of the intervention group versus 21% (6) of the control were in the Action Stage of Change for vegetable consumption (P<0.001); baseline 23% (7) versus 25% (7). Significant difference between…
  1 study · 58 participants
  GRADE not reported

Dietary counselling tailored to a Stage of Change (Transtheoretical Model) to increase fruit and vegetable intake (two counselling sessions) vs usual care

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks after receiving replacement dentures (about 10 weeks after baseline)
  Mean (SD) g/day (Table 1): fruit - intervention 111 (80) at baseline rising to 254 (194) at follow-up; control 87 (82) to 106 (116). A significant change in the weight of fruit consumed was found in the intervention…
  1 study · 58 participants
  GRADE not reported

Dietary counselling tailored to a Stage of Change (Transtheoretical Model) to increase fruit and vegetable intake (two counselling sessions) vs usual care

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks after receiving replacement dentures (about 10 weeks after baseline)
  Mean (SD) BMI kg/m2 (Table 1): intervention 27.4 (3.5) to 27.2 (3.4); control 26.1 (3.3) to 26.1 (3.4). No statistically significant difference between intervention and control (P=0.22).
  1 study · 58 participants
  GRADE not reported

Dietary counselling tailored to a Stage of Change (Transtheoretical Model) to increase fruit and vegetable intake (two counselling sessions) vs usual care

• One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks after receiving replacement dentures (about 10 weeks after baseline)
  Mean (SD) g/day (Table 1): vegetables - intervention 157 (73) to 224 (109); control 168 (83) to 175 (91). No significant between-group change in vegetable consumption.
  1 study · 58 participants
  GRADE not reported