Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

158 questions · 174 findings · 22 reviews · Gut

No studies found 20 · 11.5%GRADE not reported 7 · 4%Very low 79 · 45.4%Low 31 · 17.8%Moderate 25 · 14.4%High 12 · 6.9%

Corticosteroids vs control

Incisional infections and wound dehiscence within 30 days of surgery · people with inflammatory bowel disease

It is very uncertain whether risk of postoperative infectious complications: corticosteroids changes incisional infections and wound dehiscence within 30 days of surgery compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Corticosteroids vs control

Intra‐abdominal infectious complications within 30 days of surgery · people with inflammatory bowel disease

It is very uncertain whether risk of postoperative infectious complications: corticosteroids changes intra‐abdominal infectious complications within 30 days of surgery compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Corticosteroids vs control

Extra‐abdominal infections within 30 days of surgery · people with inflammatory bowel disease

It is very uncertain whether risk of postoperative infectious complications: corticosteroids changes extra‐abdominal infections within 30 days of surgery compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

5‐ASA vs control

Infectious complications · people with inflammatory bowel disease

It is very uncertain whether risk of postoperative infectious complications: 5‐ASA changes overall infectious complications within 30 days of surgery compared with control (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Minimally invasive step‐up approach: planned surgery vs. continued percutaneous drainage · people with necrotising pancreatitis

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes minimally invasive step‐up approach: planned surgery vs. continued… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

Long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): chemoradiotherapy versus surgery All‐cause mortality for the duration of · patients with oesophageal cancer

Non‐surgical showed no clear difference in long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): chemoradiotherapy… compared with surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

Long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): radiotherapy versus surgery All‐cause mortality for the duration of · patients with oesophageal cancer

It is very uncertain whether non‐surgical changes long‐term mortality (time‐to‐event outcome): radiotherapy versus… compared with surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

Long‐term mortality (binary outcome) All‐cause mortality for the duration of · patients with oesophageal cancer

Non‐surgical showed no clear difference in long‐term mortality (binary): definitive chemoradiotherapy versus… compared with surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Postoperative mortality (within 30 days from surgery) · patients with resectable disease

The intervention leads to higher postoperative mortality (within 30 days from surgery) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epinephrine vs epinephrine and any second endoscopic method

Surgery rate Number requiring emergency surgery · patients with high‐risk bleeding ulcers

Epinephrine probably leads to lower surgery rate Number requiring emergency surgery compared with epinephrine and any second endoscopic method (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid vs placebo

Surgery Number of participants who underwent surgery · patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Tranexamic acid probably leads to lower surgery Number of participants who underwent surgery compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Drain use vs No drain

All‐cause mortality · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

Drain use showed no clear difference in mortality compared with no drain use following pancreatic surgery (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Active drain vs passive drain

Intra‐abdominal infection · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether active drain changes intra‐abdominal infection compared with passive drain following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Active drain vs passive drain

Length of hospital stay · people undergoing elective pancreatic resections

It is very uncertain whether active drain changes length of hospital stay compared with passive drain following pancreatic surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review