Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

184 questions · 196 findings · 42 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 32 · 16.3%GRADE not reported 2 · 1%Very low 43 · 21.9%Low 62 · 31.6%Moderate 39 · 19.9%High 18 · 9.2%

nHFV vs nIPPV following failure of initial non‐invasive respiratory support

Intraventricular haemorrhage, Papile grade 3/4 · ventilated preterm infants with failure of initial non‐invasive respiratory support

nHFV showed no clear difference in intraventricular haemorrhage, Papile grade 3/4 compared with nIPPV following failure of initial non‐invasive respiratory support (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with sepsis

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes severe intraventricular haemorrhage compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

Periventricular leukomalacia · neonates with sepsis

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes periventricular leukomalacia compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade III/IV) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask

Cranial ultrasound abnormalities (IVH grade ≥ 3 or cystic periventricular leukomalacia) · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation

It is very uncertain whether nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or… changes cranial ultrasound abnormalities (IVH grade ≥ 3 or cystic… compared with face mask (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review