Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Intervention not reported

Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐nicotine/placebo EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8]
8 studies · 1094 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Non‐serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or no treatment (Spontaneous reporting of dichotomous outcomes) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes non‐serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 0.03
14 studies · 590 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events for all placebos · patients with mental health disorders

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Non‐serious adverse events for all placebos · patients with mental health disorders

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
65 studies · 2446 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Psychological placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
38 studies · 1263 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pharmacological placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 279 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Physical placebos compared with wait‐list or no‐treatment (Variety of continuous outcome) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
17 studies · 896 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or no treatment (Spontaneous reporting of dichotomous outcomes) (Post‐treatment) · patients with mental health disorders

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes serious adverse events for all placebos compared with wait‐list or… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 517 participants
Very low

Topical prophylaxis vs no topical prophylaxis

Respiratory infections · adults receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours

Topical prophylaxis may leads to lower respiratory tract infections ‐ topical prophylaxis versus no… compared with no topical prophylaxis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.36, 0.69]
13 studies · 1848 participants
Low

Topical prophylaxis vs no topical prophylaxis

Overall mortality ‐ topical prophylaxis versus placebo or no treatment · adults receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours

Topical prophylaxis showed no clear difference in overall mortality ‐ topical prophylaxis versus placebo or no treatment compared with no topical prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.87, 1.07]
15 studies · 3274 participants
Moderate

Pharmacological interventions vs pharmacological intervention

Clinical pregnancyMetformin plus liraglutide vs metformin Met + CC + L‐carnitine vs Met + CC + placebo · obese women with subfertility

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention changes clinical pregnancyMetformin plus liraglutide vs metformin Met + CC +… compared with pharmacological intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 5.2 [2.59, 10.4]
1 study · 28 participants
Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs pharmacological intervention

MiscarriageMet + CC + L‐carnitine vs Met + CC + placebo · obese women with subfertility

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention changes miscarriageMet + CC + L‐carnitine vs Met + CC + placebo compared with pharmacological intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.58 [0.73, 17.6]
1 study · 274 participants
Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs pharmacological intervention

Weight ‐ BMI changeMetformin plus liraglutide vs metformin Met + CC + L‐carnitine vs Met + CC + placebo Weight changeDexfenfluramine vs placebo Weight ‐ body fatMetformin plus liraglutide vs metformin · obese women with subfertility

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 28 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

citalopram:placebo · children and/or adolescents with depression

1 finding from 1 review

New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

desvenlafaxine:placebo · children and/or adolescents with depression

1 finding from 1 review

New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

duloxetine:placebo · children and/or adolescents with depression

1 finding from 1 review

New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

escitalopram:placebo · children and/or adolescents with depression

1 finding from 1 review

New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

fluoxetine:placebo · children and/or adolescents with depression

1 finding from 1 review

New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

mirtazapine:placebo · children and/or adolescents with depression

1 finding from 1 review

New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low