What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes co‐operation during induction ‐ Low sensory stimulation vs. control… (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.95]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in surgical site infection within 30 days in trials with low risk of… (low certainty).

• The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.63, 1.17]
  5 studies · 4201 participants
  Low

Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment

Clonidine showed no clear difference in number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.78, 1.28]
  1 study · 45 participants
  Low

Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment

Clonidine probably leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.24 [0.09, 0.69]
  2 studies · 160 participants
  Moderate

Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment

• Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 45 participants
  Low

Clonidine vs midazolam

Clonidine may leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with midazolam (low certainty).

• Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

Thiopental vs propofol

• Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult patients with… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes reported mortality, low risk of bias studies only (very low certainty).

• Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.01 [0.52, 1.97]
  19 studies · 1604 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes acute renal injury, low‐risk studies only (very low certainty).

• Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.05 [0.55, 2.03]
  16 studies · 1550 participants
  Very low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 443 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in cough compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.23 [0.53, 2.81]
  8 studies · 589 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in laryngospasm compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.59 [0.16, 15.92]
  7 studies · 588 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in breath holding compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.16 [0.47, 2.83]
  5 studies · 389 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration may leads to higher apneoa compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.14 [1.72, 5.7]
  2 studies · 160 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in patient movement compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.69, 1.89]
  5 studies · 445 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in bradycardia compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.8 [0.22, 2.88]
  3 studies · 199 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher block success (predicted adequacy of block) (moderate certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.49 [2.14, 4.04]
  17 studies · 1346 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower block success (supplementation or conversion to general anaesthesia (moderate certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.28 [0.2, 0.39]
  18 studies · 1807 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes paraesthesia (very low certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.42 [0.23, 0.76]
  6 studies · 471 participants
  Very low