What do systematic reviews say?

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

It is very uncertain whether early (less than seven days following birth) higher changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.6 [0.23, 90.84]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Very low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in bleeding complications: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.12 [0.01, 2.11]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in intraventricular hemorrhage > Grade II: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.04, 3.24]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 5: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.36 [0.24, 7.57]
  1 study · 61 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in presence of PIVKA II at day 25: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.06, 14.6]
  1 study · 53 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in necrotizing enterocolitis: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.16, 7.1]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in sepsis: 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.26, 2.86]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Higher dose vitamin K vs lower dose vitamin K

Higher dose vitamin K showed no clear difference in mortality (all infants): 0.2 mg IM versus 0.5 mg IM compared with lower dose vitamin K (low certainty).

• Prophylactic vitamin K for the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in preterm neonates 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.13 [0.6, 7.51]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 958 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Musical and vocal interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 800 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 93 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 93 participants
  High

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in mortality, near term corrected age or discharge compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63]
  10 studies · 914 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental disability compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.35]
  2 studies · 208 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in intubation in the delivery room compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18]
  9 studies · 875 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in severe retinopathy of prematurity (≥ stage 3) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.36]
  4 studies · 453 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.51, 1.71]
  6 studies · 596 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.51, 1.87]
  8 studies · 807 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

It is very uncertain whether lower changes chronic lung disease (36 weeks' corrected age) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (very low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.72, 1.14]
  9 studies · 862 participants
  Very low