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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Duration of hospital stay (days) · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Duration of tachypnoea · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Persistent pulmonary hypertension · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Hyperglycaemia · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Gastrointestinal bleed · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Non‐invasive respiratory support vs supplemental oxygen or no treatment Need for mechanical ventilation · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.01, 6.99] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Duration of tachypnea, defined as hours with respiratory rate greater than 60 breaths per minute ‒NHFV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Duration of hospital stay ‒NIPPV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive respiratory support vs supplemental oxygen or no treatment All‐cause mortality · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.01, 6.99] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive respiratory support vs supplemental oxygen or no treatment Duration of hospital stay · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Non‐invasive respiratory support vs supplemental oxygen or no treatment Duration of tachypnea, defined as hours with respiratory rate greater than 60 breaths per minute · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Need for mechanical ventilation ‒NIPPV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | RR 4 [0.49, 32.72] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Need for mechanical ventilation ‒NHFV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Pneumothorax ‒NIPPV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 14.9] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Pneumothorax ‒NHFV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
CPAP vs nasal ventilation (NIPPV or NHFV) Duration of tachypnea, defined as hours with respiratory rate greater than 60 breaths per minute ‒NIPPV versus CPAP · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Early treatment vs expectant management All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.46, 1.39] | 6 studies · 500 participants | Moderate |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Chronic lung disease · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.63, 1.08] | 7 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Severe Intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.21, 1.93] | 4 studies · 240 participants | Moderate |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC; stage 2 or greater) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.53, 2.21] | 5 studies · 332 participants | Moderate |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Duration of hospitalization · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate/severe cognitive delay at 18 to 24 months) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.03, 2.31] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate/severe motor delay at 18 to 24 months) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.05, 5.71] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Neurodevelopmental outcomes (moderate/severe language delay at 18 to 24 months) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.1, 2.78] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Early treatment vs expectant management Proportion of infants requiring surgical PDA ligation or transcatheter occlusion · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.8] | 4 studies · 432 participants | Very low |
Early treatment vs expectant management Proportion of infants receiving any pharmacotherapy for a hemodynamically significant PDA · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.3 [1.86, 2.83] | 2 studies · 232 participants | Low |
Early treatment vs expectant management Chronic lung disease · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.62, 1.29] | 4 studies · 339 participants | Moderate |
Early treatment vs expectant management Severe Intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.32, 2.16] | 2 studies · 171 participants | Low |
Early treatment vs expectant management Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC; stage 2 or greater) · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.34 [0.86, 6.41] | 5 studies · 473 participants | Low |
Very early treatment vs expectant management All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.58, 1.53] | 7 studies · 384 participants | Moderate |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Proportion of infants requiring surgical PDA ligation or transcatheter occlusion · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.36, 2.17] | 5 studies · 293 participants | Moderate |
Very early treatment vs expectant management Proportion of infants receiving any pharmacotherapy for a hemodynamically significant PDA · preterm infants Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.64 [1.31, 2.05] | 4 studies · 156 participants | Very low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Time to regain birth weight (days) · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Linear growth (cm/week) · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Increase in head circumference (cm/week) · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Necrotising enterocolitis stage 2 or 3 · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.44, 4.16] | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Time to reach full enteral feeds · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Extrauterine growth restriction at discharge · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.81, 1.39] | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Early vs late fortification of human milk Proportion of infants with feed interruption episodes · preterm infants Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.73, 1.34] | 2 studies · 237 participants | Low |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, weight, g/kg/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 345 participants | Moderate |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, weight, g/kg/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 269 participants | Moderate |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, length, mm/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 166 participants | Low |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, head circumference, mm/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 166 participants | Low |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Length of hospital stay, days · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Retinopathy of prematurity · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification In‐hospital mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.14] | 3 studies · 334 participants | Very low |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Necrotizing enterocolitis · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.08, 1.99] | 2 studies · 257 participants | Very low |
Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification Culture‐proven late‐onset bacterial sepsis · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.76, 2.17] | 2 studies · 257 participants | Very low |