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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine Number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐ all studies · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.22, 1.11] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Low |
High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine Number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐ moderate quality studies · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.23, 0.65] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine Postoperative pain score · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ high dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.11, 0.51] | 3 studies · 205 participants | Moderate |
Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ high dose clonidine, studies with lower risk of bias · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.09, 0.69] | 2 studies · 160 participants | Moderate |
Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment Postoperative pain score ‐ low dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment Postoperative pain score ‐ high dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 145 participants | Moderate |
Clonidine vs midazolam Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ low dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Clonidine vs midazolam Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ high dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.71] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Clonidine vs midazolam Haemodynamic or respiratory changes requiring intervention · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.31, 0.97] | 1 study · 134 participants | Moderate |
Clonidine vs fentanyl Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively · patients with postoperative pain Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.56, 1.42] | 1 study · 36 participants | Moderate |
Methohexital vs propofol Change in Hamilton Depression Scale scores Scale of Hamilton Depression scores · patients with depressive patients receiving MECT Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 165 participants | Low |
Methohexital vs propofol EEG seizure duration EEG detection and measurement · patients with depressive patients receiving MECT Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 119 participants | Low |
Methohexital vs propofol Motor seizure duration Direct observation of motor seizure · patients with depressive patients receiving MECT Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 78 participants | Low |
Thiopental vs propofol Mean EEG seizure duration · patients with major depression treated with ECT Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 90 participants | Low |
Thiopental vs propofol Mean time to recovery Time to follow commands · patients with major depression treated with ECT Different regimens of intravenous sedatives or hypnotics for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adult… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 48 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to normothermia (minutes) Active vs unwarmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mean temperature difference (60 minutes after warming started): not reported · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Rate of rewarming: not reported · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Major cardiovascular complications: not reported · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain (number of patients) Thermal vs warmed cotton blanket · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.56, 1.1] | 1 study · 138 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Shivering (number of patients) Thermal vs warmed cotton blanket · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.69, 2.67] | 1 study · 138 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Time to normothermia (minutes) Active vs warmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 220 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mean temperature difference (60 minutes after warming started) Active vs warmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 102 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Rate of rewarming (°C per hour) Active vs unwarmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Major cardiovascular complications: not reported · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Shivering (number of patients) Active vs warmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.52, 1.74] | 2 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Shivering (number of patients) Active vs unwarmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.42, 0.86] | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of stay: days Active vs warmed cotton blankets · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 130 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to normothermia (minutes) Thermal vs warmed cotton blanket · adults with postoperative hypothermia Interventions for treating inadvertent postoperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 138 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Temperature after 30 minutes ºC · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 250 participants | Low |
Additional insulation vs forced air warming Estimated blood loss mls · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Moderate |
Additional insulation vs forced air warming Length of stay in PACU · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 280 participants | Very low |
Additional insulation vs forced air warming Shivering observation by staff · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.48, 18.69] | 3 studies · 280 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Temperature after 1 hour ºC · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 264 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Temperature at the end of procedure or arrival in PACU ‐ Simple design studies ºC · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 353 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Estimated blood loss mls · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 84 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of stay in PACU · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Shivering observation by staff · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.12, 1.06] | 2 studies · 268 participants | Low |
Additional insulation vs forced air warming Temperature after 30 minutes ºC · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 90 participants | Moderate |
Additional insulation vs forced air warming Temperature after 1 hour ºC · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 114 participants | Moderate |
Additional insulation vs forced air warming Temperature at the end of procedure or arrival in PACU ‐ Simple design ºC · patients with preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Thermal insulation for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 330 participants | Very low |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Pain at rest at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 1066 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Neurological injury · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 306 participants | Ungraded |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Opioid consumption at 24 hours using morphine equivalents Scale from zero to 150 mg · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 341 participants | High |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Nausea and/or vomiting · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.41, 0.97] | 4 studies · 183 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Knee flexion range of motion (degrees) · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 328 participants | High |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Participant satisfaction with analgesia (point) Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
FNB (any type) vs local infiltration analgesia Pain at rest at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 216 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs local infiltration analgesia Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 153 participants | Low |