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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Reflective curtains vs intensified phototherapy Decline in bilirubin (first measurement) · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Low |
Reflective curtains vs intensified phototherapy Duration of phototherapy (in hours) · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Low |
Reflective curtains vs intensified phototherapy Exchange transfusion · newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia Use of reflective materials during phototherapy for newborn infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Ungraded |
Nutrition education vs conventional management Weight‐for‐age z score at 12 months of age (WAZ 12 months)Scale from 5 to ‐5 · term‐born infants in the first year of life Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term‐born infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2551 participants | Moderate |
Nutrition education vs conventional management Height‐for‐age z score at 12 months of age (HAZ 12 months)Scale from 5 to ‐5 · term‐born infants in the first year of life Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term‐born infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 3208 participants | Moderate |
Nutrition education vs conventional management Height‐for‐age z score at 18 months of age (HAZ 18 months) · term‐born infants in the first year of life Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term‐born infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 4813 participants | Low |
Nutrition education vs conventional management Prevalence of anaemia (serumhaemoglobin < 110 g/L) at 12 months of age · term‐born infants in the first year of life Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term‐born infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 585 participants | Low |
Nutrition education vs conventional management Death before 1 year of age · term‐born infants in the first year of life Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term‐born infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4234 participants | Moderate |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Intraventricular haemorrhage, any grade · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.78, 1.56] | 3 studies · 290 participants | Very low |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Intraventricular haemorrhage, grade 3 to 4 · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.37, 1.33] | 3 studies · 290 participants | Very low |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Mortality during initial hospitalisation · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.28, 0.9] | 3 studies · 290 participants | Very low |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Retinopathy of prematurity, > stage 3 · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.41, 1.97] | 2 studies · 222 participants | Very low |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcome ‒not reported · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Major neurodevelopmental disability ‒not reported · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Supine midline head position vs any other supine head position Cerebellar haemorrhage on brain ultrasound ‐ not reported · very preterm infants with or at risk of germinal matrix‐intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants Head midline position for preventing the occurrence or extension of germinal matrix‐intraventricular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive vs other non‐invasive respiratory support Failure of modality · preventing respiratory failure in preterm infants Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive respiratory support in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.14] | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive vs other non‐invasive respiratory support Respiratory failure · preventing respiratory failure in preterm infants Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive respiratory support in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive vs other non‐invasive respiratory support Chronic lung disease · preventing respiratory failure in preterm infants Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive respiratory support in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive vs other non‐invasive respiratory support Mortality: prior to hospital discharge · preventing respiratory failure in preterm infants Diaphragm‐triggered non‐invasive respiratory support in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment Bone mineral content at the end of intervention mg/cmPhoton absorptiometry · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment Nutritional rickets ‐ radiological · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.18, 3.31] | 3 studies · 536 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.51, 3.32] | 3 studies · 557 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment Serum 25‐OH vitamin D level at latest time reported nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 597 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers Vitamin D insufficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.4, 0.94] | 4 studies · 334 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers Vitamin D deficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.17, 0.72] | 4 studies · 334 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers Nutritional rickets‐ biochemical · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 92 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers Adverse effect (hypercalcaemia) · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.48, 3.09] | 1 study · 97 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers Serum 25‐OH vitamin D level at latest time reported nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 269 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment Vitamin D insufficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.41, 0.8] | 4 studies · 274 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment Vitamin D deficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.16, 1.05] | 2 studies · 122 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment Nutritional rickets: biochemicalAlkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphate levels. · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 34 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.54, 3.86] | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment Serum 25‐OH vitamin D level at latest time reported nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 356 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment Vitamin D insufficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.39, 0.57] | 5 studies · 512 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment Vitamin D deficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.09, 0.24] | 5 studies · 512 participants | Low |
Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment Nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphate levels. · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.44] | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition In‐hospital all‐cause mortality · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.14, 0.87] | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition Neonatal mortality (within 28 days of birth) · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.1, 0.88] | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition Healthcare‐associated blood stream infection · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 1.01] | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition Healthcare‐associated infection (any type) · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.32, 0.89] | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition Mean duration of hospital stay · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | MD 9.5 | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition Mean duration of mechanical ventilation · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | MD 3.4 | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Late parenteral nutrition vs early parenteral nutrition Hypoglycaemia · critically ill term and late preterm infants Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.64 [0.91, 2.96] | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Non‐pharmacological treatment vs placebo Primary outcome measures · infants at risk for, or having early symptoms consistent with, opioid withdrawal Non‐pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐pharmacological treatment vs placebo – Modifying environmental stimulation · infants at risk for, or having early symptoms consistent with, opioid withdrawal Non‐pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Non‐pharmacological treatment vs placebo – Feeding practices · infants at risk for, or having early symptoms consistent with, opioid withdrawal Non‐pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐pharmacological treatment vs placebo – Support of the mother‐infant dyad · infants at risk for, or having early symptoms consistent with, opioid withdrawal Non‐pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Non‐pharmacological treatment vs placebo NICU admission · infants at risk for, or having early symptoms consistent with, opioid withdrawal Non‐pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Need for nasal continuous positive airway pressure · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.65, 2.51] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo Need for mechanical ventilation · infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn Postnatal corticosteroids for transient tachypnoea of the newborn (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.05, 5.38] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |