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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) Clinical assessment · cerebral protection during brain surgery Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.61, 1.04] | 4 studies · 1216 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Ischaemic stroke ‐ cooled during Clinical examination supported by imaging evidence · cerebral protection during brain surgery Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.05] | 2 studies · 1114 participants | High |
Intervention NR Infections Unstated means · cerebral protection during brain surgery Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.73, 1.97] | 3 studies · 1194 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Congestive heart failure ‐ cooled during · cerebral protection during brain surgery Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.6, 1.21] | 2 studies · 1114 participants | High |
Intervention NR Myocardial infarction · cerebral protection during brain surgery Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [0.69, 4.98] | 3 studies · 1139 participants | Moderate |
Early removal of the LMA vs late removal of the LMA after general anaesthesia Laryngospasm (immediate) · patients with general anaesthesia Early versus late removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.74, 2.03] | 11 studies · 1615 participants | Low |
Early removal of the LMA vs late removal of the LMA after general anaesthesia Desaturation (immediate) · patients with general anaesthesia Early versus late removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.4, 1.16] | 13 studies · 2037 participants | Very low |
Early removal of the LMA vs late removal of the LMA after general anaesthesia Airway obstruction (immediate) · patients with general anaesthesia Early versus late removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.69 [1.32, 5.5] | 8 studies · 1313 participants | Low |
Early removal of the LMA vs late removal of the LMA after general anaesthesia Coughing (immediate) · patients with general anaesthesia Early versus late removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.29, 0.94] | 11 studies · 1430 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality within the longest · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.93, 1.36] | 3 studies · 4758 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mortality within the longest · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.87, 1.33] | 6 studies · 4525 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality within 30 days of · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | 0.99 [0.61, 1.6] | 3 studies · 4758 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality within 30 days of · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | 0.83 [0.54, 1.29] | 6 studies · 4525 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Surgical site infection within 30 days in trials with low risk of bias (14 days to 30 days) · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.63, 1.17] | 5 studies · 4201 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Surgical site infection within 30 days, irrespective of risk of bias (14 days to 30 days) · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.71, 1.07] | 15 studies · 7229 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Respiratory insufficiency · surgical patients with need for abdominal, caesarean section, orthopaedic or breast surgery The effects of high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction for adult surgical patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.79, 1.99] | 1 study · 1386 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Inhospital case fatality rate · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.61, 1.26] | 8 studies · 10148 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pneumonia · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.68 [1, 2.81] | 8 studies · 2699 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pulmonary atelectasis · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.57 [1.18, 2.1] | 5 studies · 2400 participants | High |
Intervention NR Myocardial infarction · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.84, 1.22] | 6 studies · 9246 participants | High |
Intervention NR Stroke · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.47 [0.86, 2.53] | 4 studies · 9142 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe nausea and vomiting · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.44 [0.97, 2.15] | 10 studies · 11045 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1103 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Venous thromboembolism · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.45, 1.2] | 2 studies · 9004 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Wound infection rate · adult patients 18 years and above undergoing standard general anaesthesia Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.22 [0.84, 1.78] | 6 studies · 9789 participants | Low |
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) vs oxygen therapy Hospital mortality · adults (aged > 17 years) with acute respiratory failure after upper abdominal surgery Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure following upper abdominal surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.71] | 1 study · 209 participants | Low |
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) vs oxygen therapy Rate of tracheal Intubation · adults (aged > 17 years) with acute respiratory failure after upper abdominal surgery Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure following upper abdominal surgery (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.08, 0.83] | 2 studies · 269 participants | Low |
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) vs oxygen therapy ICU length of stay · adults (aged > 17 years) with acute respiratory failure after upper abdominal surgery Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure following upper abdominal surgery (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 269 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Core temperature at 30 minutes after induction degrees Celsius · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 374 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Core temperature at 60 minutes after induction degrees Celsius · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 312 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Core temperature at 90 minutes after induction degrees Celsius · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 109 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Core temperature at 120 minutes after induction degrees Celsius · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 149 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Core temperature at end of procedure/arrival to PACU ‐ simple design degrees Celsius · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 682 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patient‐reported outcome: shivering various tools · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.23, 0.67] | 9 studies · 428 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Temperature at end of procedure /arrival in PACU · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 310 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Event rate of shivering various tools · patients with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.55] | 2 studies · 102 participants | Low |
Regional anaesthesia vs conventional pain control Knee Society Score compared to preoperative value · total knee replacement patients Regional analgesia for improvement of long‐term functional outcome after elective large joint replacement (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Regional anaesthesia vs conventional pain control Knee Society Score compared to preoperative value · total knee replacement patients Regional analgesia for improvement of long‐term functional outcome after elective large joint replacement (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Regional anaesthesia vs conventional pain control Knee flexion Range of motion assessment · total knee replacement patients Regional analgesia for improvement of long‐term functional outcome after elective large joint replacement (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 140 participants | Very low |
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention Postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.34, 0.82] | 7 studies · 443 participants | Low |
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention Postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.26, 0.77] | 11 studies · 675 participants | Moderate |
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention Mechanical ventilation > 48 hours · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.03, 9.2] | 3 studies · 338 participants | Very low |
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention All‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.04, 4.23] | 7 studies · 431 participants | Very low |
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention Adverse events · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 462 participants | Low |
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention Duration of hospital stay · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 424 participants | Low |
Lidocaine vs lidocaine with adrenaline Duration of anaesthesiaTime perioda · patients with digital nerve blocks Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Lidocaine vs lidocaine with adrenaline Adverse outcomes · patients with digital nerve blocks Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lidocaine vs lidocaine with adrenaline Cost analysis · patients with digital nerve blocks Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lidocaine vs lidocaine with adrenaline Duration of postoperative pain relief · patients with digital nerve blocks Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lidocaine vs lidocaine with adrenaline Bleeding during surgerySubjective assessmentd · patients with digital nerve blocks Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.19, 0.65] | 2 studies · 103 participants | Low |