Adverse events
PDEI showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with alpha‐blockers (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
IPSS‐total score
1 finding from 1 review
BPHII score
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse effects
PDEI plus alpha‐blocker probably leads to higher adverse effects compared with alpha‐blockers alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Joint pain at rest · adults having abdominal surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · adults having abdominal surgery
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality rate at 30 days · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality rate at 30 days compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach (assessed at any time) · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia probably leads to higher failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach… compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events (assessed at any time during · adults having abdominal surgery
Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in adverse events (assessed at any time during compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Elimination of aspiration on videofluoroscopy · adults with dementia and dysphagia
1 finding from 1 review
Elimination of aspiration on videofluoroscopy · adults with dementia and dysphagia
1 finding from 1 review
Elimination of aspiration on videofluoroscopy · adults with dementia and dysphagia
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Postoperative delirium (POD) within 7 days (As assessed by any method such as the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) in the first week after operation) · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations
The intervention probably leads to lower postoperative delirium (POD) within 7 days (As assessed by any… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) (As determined by any method of assessing POCD including a battery of neuropsychological tests according to the criteria described by the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (ISPOCD)) · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations
The intervention showed no clear difference in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) (As determined by any… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
All‐cause mortality · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations
The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Any postoperative complication · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations
The intervention probably leads to lower any postoperative complication (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Postoperative length of stay (days) · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations
1 finding from 1 review
HbA1c (%) · people with diabetes and CKD
1 finding from 1 review
FBG (mmol/L) · people with diabetes and CKD
1 finding from 1 review
Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD
1 finding from 1 review