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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo/no intervention Serious adverse events · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.36, 0.6] | 24 studies · 1487 participants | Moderate |
Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo/no intervention Quality of life (secondary outcome) · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo/no intervention Non‐serious adverse events (secondary outcome) · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.47 [1.24, 4.93] | 9 studies · 739 participants | Very low |
Lactulose vs lactitol Mortality · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.59, 2.85] | 8 studies · 225 participants | Very low |
Lactulose vs lactitol Hepatic encephalopathy · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.84, 1.19] | 7 studies · 194 participants | Very low |
Lactulose vs lactitol Serious adverse events · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.84, 2.88] | 9 studies · 245 participants | Very low |
Lactulose vs lactitol Quality of life (secondary outcome) · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs vs placebo Lack of pain relief · people with biliary colic Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs for biliary colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.19, 0.4] | 5 studies · 208 participants | Moderate |
Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs vs placebo Cholelithiasis‐related complications · people with biliary colic Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs for biliary colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.38, 1.15] | 3 studies · 140 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs vs opioids Lack of pain relief · people with biliary colic Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs for biliary colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.47, 2.07] | 4 studies · 459 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs vs opioids Cholelithiasis‐related complications · people with biliary colic Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs for biliary colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.14, 5.42] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs vs spasmolytic drugs Lack of pain relief · people with biliary colic Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs for biliary colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.37, 0.71] | 4 studies · 190 participants | Low |
Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs vs spasmolytic drugs Cholelithiasis‐related complications · people with biliary colic Non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs for biliary colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.12, 0.57] | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR There was no evidence of differences in the proportion of participants experiencing serious adverse events (for any of the comparisons Quality of evidence = very low1,2,3. · people undergoing liver resection Methods to decrease blood loss during liver resection: a network meta‐analysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR There was no evidence of differences in the number of serious adverse events for any of the comparisons Quality of evidence = very low1,2,3. · people undergoing liver resection Methods to decrease blood loss during liver resection: a network meta‐analysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR None of the trials reported this outcome at any time point. · people undergoing liver resection Methods to decrease blood loss during liver resection: a network meta‐analysis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR PEI versus PAI · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall survival · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 185 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Recurrence‐free survival · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 185 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number and type of adverse events · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Duration of hospital stay · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 125 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of life · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR PEI versus surgery · hospitalised people with early HCC treated with PEI, PAI, or surgery. Percutaneous ethanol injection or percutaneous acetic acid injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cyanoacrylate vs band ligation Mortality Total of deaths and the end of · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.52, 1.31] | 4 studies · 365 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate 1 mL vs cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL Re‐bleeding Bleeding after initial success in the intervention · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.73, 2.31] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate 1 mL vs cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL Control of bleeding Success in control the active variceal bleeding · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.78, 1.38] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs alcohol Mortality Total deaths at 30 days · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.09, 2.04] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs alcohol Failure of intervention · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.09, 1.35] | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs alcohol Complications (fever) Presence of fever · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.22, 0.8] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs alcohol Re‐bleeding Re‐bleeding after intervention · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.3, 2.45] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs alcohol Control of bleeding Success in controlling the active variceal bleeding · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [1.13, 2.84] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs band ligation Failure of intervention Continuous variceal bleeding after intervention · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.23, 5.69] | 4 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs band ligation Re‐bleeding Re‐bleeding after the bleeding was controlled in the first intervention · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.41, 0.88] | 4 studies · 360 participants | Low |
Cyanoacrylate vs band ligation Complications (general) Number of total complications · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.81 [0.69, 11.49] | 3 studies · 307 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate vs band ligation Control of bleeding Success in control variceal bleeding · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.9, 1.27] | 4 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate 1 mL vs cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL Total mortality Total deaths and the end of · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.65, 1.6] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate 1 mL vs cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL day ‐ mortality Mortality due to bleeding · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.41, 2.8] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate 1 mL vs cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL Failure of intervention Continuous bleeding after intervention · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.56, 2.05] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Cyanoacrylate 1 mL vs cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL Complications (fever) Presence of fever · acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.32, 0.98] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality · patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Dopamine agents for hepatic encephalopathy (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.35, 3.54] | 144 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hepatic encephalopathy · patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Dopamine agents for hepatic encephalopathy (2014) · Cochrane | OR 2.99 [0.09, 100.55] | 80 participants | Low |
Peginterferon plus ribavirin vs non‐pegylated interferon plus ribavirin Liver‐related morbidity plus all‐cause mortality · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon plus ribavirin versus interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.14 [0.38, 3.42] | 1789 participants | Low |
Peginterferon plus ribavirin vs non‐pegylated interferon plus ribavirin Adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon plus ribavirin versus interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.68, 1.09] | 15 studies · 4571 participants | Low |
Peginterferon plus ribavirin vs non‐pegylated interferon plus ribavirin Sustained virological response · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon plus ribavirin versus interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [1.25, 1.56] | 27 studies · 6104 participants | Very low |
Peginterferon alpha‐2a vs peginterferon alpha‐2b All‐cause mortality Deaths during and after the treatment · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alpha‐2a versus peginterferon alpha‐2b for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.64, 6.08] | 1 study · 3070 participants | Very low |
Peginterferon alpha‐2a vs peginterferon alpha‐2b Liver‐related morbidity Number of events · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alpha‐2a versus peginterferon alpha‐2b for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.7, 12.93] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Peginterferon alpha‐2a vs peginterferon alpha‐2b Serious adverse events Number of events · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alpha‐2a versus peginterferon alpha‐2b for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.3] | 4 studies · 3900 participants | Low |
Peginterferon alpha‐2a vs peginterferon alpha‐2b Adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation Number of events · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alpha‐2a versus peginterferon alpha‐2b for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.57, 1.22] | 12 studies · 5340 participants | Low |
Peginterferon alpha‐2a vs peginterferon alpha‐2b All other (non‐serious) adverse events · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alpha‐2a versus peginterferon alpha‐2b for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 4981 participants | Very low |
Peginterferon alpha‐2a vs peginterferon alpha‐2b Quality of life SF 36 and CLDQ · patients with chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alpha‐2a versus peginterferon alpha‐2b for chronic hepatitis C (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 434 participants | Very low |