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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality Physicians · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 1.02 [0.85, 1.22] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Very low |
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo All‐cause mortality Physicians · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 1.07 [0.97, 1.18] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Very low |
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Total myocardial infarction (fatal and non‐fatal) Physicians · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 1.04 [0.87, 1.24] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Low |
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Total stroke (fatal and non‐fatal) Physicians · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.89 [0.74, 1.07] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Low |
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Self‐reported CABG/PTCA Participant self‐reports · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.96 [0.86, 1.07] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Low |
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Self‐reported angina Participant self‐reports · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.93 [0.84, 1.03] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Low |
Exercise vs No exercise Mortality · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.78] | 6 studies · 421 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs No exercise Serious adverse events · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.98, 1.05] | 5 studies · 381 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs No exercise Quality of life · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 224 participants | Low |
Exercise vs No exercise Quality of life · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 224 participants | Low |
Exercise vs No exercise Exercise capacity measured by different tools · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 359 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs No exercise Exercise capacity · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 208 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs No exercise Excercise capacity · adults with atrial fibrillation Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 272 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic levosimendan vs standard treatment Mortality · paediatric patients following heart surgery Prophylactic levosimendan for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in paediatric… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.12, 1.82] | 3 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Prophylactic levosimendan vs standard treatment Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) · paediatric patients following heart surgery Prophylactic levosimendan for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in paediatric… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.39, 1.04] | 2 studies · 83 participants | Low |
Prophylactic levosimendan vs standard treatment Length of intensive care unit stay (Length of ICU stay) · paediatric patients following heart surgery Prophylactic levosimendan for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in paediatric… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 188 participants | Low |
Prophylactic levosimendan vs standard treatment Length of hospital stay · paediatric patients following heart surgery Prophylactic levosimendan for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in paediatric… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Low |
Prophylactic levosimendan vs standard treatment Duration of mechanical ventilation · paediatric patients following heart surgery Prophylactic levosimendan for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in paediatric… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 208 participants | Low |
Prophylactic levosimendan vs standard treatment Mechanical circulatory support or cardiac transplantation · paediatric patients following heart surgery Prophylactic levosimendan for the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome and mortality in paediatric… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.19, 11.37] | 2 studies · 60 participants | Low |
RIPC vs no RIPC Composite endpoint (including all‐cause mortality, non‐fatal myocardial infarction and/or any new stroke assessed at 30 days after surgery) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.78, 1.25] | 2 studies · 2463 participants | Moderate |
RIPC vs no RIPC Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1792 participants | Low |
RIPC vs no RIPC cTnT 72 h after surgery (ng/L) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1120 participants | Moderate |
RIPC vs no RIPC cTnT AUC 72 h (ng/L) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 830 participants | Moderate |
RIPC vs no RIPC Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 745 participants | Moderate |
RIPC vs no RIPC cTnI 72 h after surgery (ng/L) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 459 participants | Moderate |
RIPC vs no RIPC cTnI AUC 72 h (ng/L) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery) Remote ischaemic preconditioning for coronary artery bypass grafting (with or without valve surgery) (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 159 participants | Moderate |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not reported · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo All‐cause mortality · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.81, 1.25] | 3 studies · 6249 participants | Low |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo Quality of life Scale: 0 to 100 · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2256 participants | Moderate |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo AMI incidence · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.69, 1.12] | 3 studies · 2983 participants | Low |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo Angina episodes frequency · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 402 participants | Low |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo Adverse events incidence · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.12, 2] | 3 studies · 947 participants | Very low |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo Non‐cardiovascular mortality ‐ not reported · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo All‐cause mortality · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.26, 2.71] | 3 studies · 2053 participants | Low |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo Quality of life Scale: 0 to 100. · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1563 participants | Moderate |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo AMI incidence · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.08, 2.07] | 2 studies · 1509 participants | Low |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo Angina episodes frequency · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2004 participants | Moderate |
Ranolazine (add‐on therapy) vs placebo Adverse events incidence · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.4] | 3 studies · 2123 participants | Moderate |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.56, 1.88] | 1 study · 2604 participants | Low |
Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo Non‐cardiovascular mortality ‐ not reported · patients with stable angina pectoris Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation Long‐term all‐cause mortality (≥ 1 year after the intervention) · people with STEMI and MVD. Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.58, 1.11] | 8 studies · 2417 participants | Very low |
Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation Long‐term cardiovascular mortality (≥ 1 year after the intervention) · people with STEMI and MVD. Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.79] | 6 studies · 2229 participants | Very low |
Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation Long‐term myocardial infarction (≥ 1 year after the intervention) · people with STEMI and MVD. Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.44, 0.89] | 6 studies · 2099 participants | Very low |
Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation Overall adverse events (pooled short and long term) · people with STEMI and MVD. Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.58, 1.21] | 6 studies · 4086 participants | Very low |
Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation Short‐term all‐cause mortality (within the first 30 days after the intervention) · people with STEMI and MVD. Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.18, 2.37] | 2 studies · 696 participants | Very low |
Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation Long‐term revascularisation (≥ 1 year after the intervention) · people with STEMI and MVD. Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.39, 0.57] | 9 studies · 2616 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs no exercise Exercise capacity (VO2peak) · Post‐heart transplant recipients Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 284 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs no exercise Health‐related quality of life Various HRQoL measures · Post‐heart transplant recipients Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 120 participants | Moderate |
High‐intensity vs moderate‐intensity exercise Exercise capacity (VO2peak) · Post‐heart transplant recipients Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Moderate |
High‐intensity vs moderate‐intensity exercise Health‐related quality of life · Post‐heart transplant recipients Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant recipients (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Moderate |