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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Tremor 8 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 313 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Relapse rate 16 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 85 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Standardised tests of reading, writing, spelling or mathematics skills (overall) · children with specific learning disorders Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse effect (gastrointestinal disturbance) · children with specific learning disorders Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.25, 8.15] | 2 studies · 116 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anaemia at end of therapy (total), as defined by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.25, 0.6] | 10 studies · 3273 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Abdominal pain (total), events during study, as defined and reported by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [0.99, 2.41] | 7 studies · 1190 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognitive function, as measured by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Haemoglobin at end of therapy (total), g/L · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | MD 5.3 [4.14, 6.45] | 51 studies · 6861 participants | High |
Intervention NR Iron deficiency at end of therapy (total), as defined by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.5, 0.76] | 7 studies · 1088 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Iron‐deficiency anaemia at end of therapy, as defined by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality, over the course of the study · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any adverse side effects (total), as defined and reported by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [0.94, 4.86] | 7 studies · 901 participants | Low |
Intervention NR GI side effects (total), events during study, as defined and reported by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.99 [1.26, 3.12] | 5 studies · 521 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Loose stools/diarrhoea (total), events during study, as defined and reported by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [1.1, 4.11] | 6 studies · 604 participants | High |
Intervention NR Hard stools/constipation (total), events during study, as defined and reported by trial authors · menstruating women (non‐pregnant women of reproductive age) Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.07 [1.35, 3.17] | 8 studies · 1036 participants | High |
Intervention NR Total ADHD symptom score ‐ parent ratings (ADHD Rating Scale, Fourth Version; Conners' Rating Scale; Conners' Global Index; Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire) · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1247 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Total ADHD symptom score ‐ teacher ratings (ADHD Rating Scale, Fourth Version; Conners' Rating Scale; Conners' Global Index; Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire) · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 745 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total ADHD symptom score ‐ clinician ratings (ADHD Rating Scale, Fourth Version) · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 813 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of responders (Clinical Global Impressions ‐ Improvement (CGI‐I) scale) · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.36 [2.48, 4.55] | 9 studies · 2207 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Academic performance (Permanent Product Measure of Performance; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children ‐ Revised; Barnell Lot, Ltd Math Test; Wide Range Achievement Test) · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | SMD 0.56 [0.39, 0.73] | 8 studies · 826 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Retention: proportion of participants who completed the trial · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.97, 1.1] | 11 studies · 2381 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion of participants who experienced at least 1 adverse event · children or adolescents with ADHD Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.18, 1.44] | 6 studies · 1742 participants | Low |
Simethicone vs placebo Reduction in crying duration Difference between final values (hours per day of crying) · infants with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Simethicone vs placebo Responders Number of infants who improved after treatment · infants with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.73, 1.23] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Herbal agents vs placebo Reduction in crying duration Difference before and after treatment (hours per day of crying) · patients with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | MD 1.33 [0.71, 1.96] | 3 studies · 279 participants | Low |
Herbal agents vs placebo Responders Number of infants who improved after treatment · patients with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [1.56, 2.7] | 3 studies · 277 participants | Moderate |
Sugar vs placebo Reduction in crying duration Difference before and after treatment (hours per day of crying) · infants with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | MD 1.72 [1.38, 2.06] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Cimetropium bromide vs placebo Reduction in crying duration Difference between final values (minutes per crisis of crying) · infants with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Cimetropium bromide vs placebo Responders Number of infants who improved after treatment · infants with infantile colic Pain‐relieving agents for infantile colic (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.29 [1.44, 3.64] | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Social interaction and communication ‐ Parental ATEC score (scale from 0 to 40) · children with ASD Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Social interaction and communication ‐ Clinician ATEC score (scale from 0 to 40) · children with ASD Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Behavioral problems ‐ Parental ATEC score · children with ASD Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Behavioral problems ‐ Clinician ATEC score (scale from 0 to 40) · children with ASD Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Protective behaviours (self protective events measured using a stranger simulation test immediately post intervention) · children (aged 5 to 12) and adolescents (aged 13 to 18) School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse (2015) · Cochrane | OR 5.71 [1.98, 16.51] | 2 studies · 102 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Questionnaire‐based knowledge (factual knowledge measured by assessing responses to items on a questionnaire or multi‐choice test, immediately post intervention) (higher score = higher knowledge) · children (aged 5 to 12) and adolescents (aged 13 to 18) School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 4657 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Vignette‐based knowledge (applied knowledge measured by assessing responses to hypothetical scenarios, immediately post intervention) (higher score = higher knowledge) · children (aged 5 to 12) and adolescents (aged 13 to 18) School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1688 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Harm (measured using anxiety or fear questionnaires) · children (aged 5 to 12) and adolescents (aged 13 to 18) School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 795 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Disclosures (of past or current child sexual abuse made during or after programme completion) · children (aged 5 to 12) and adolescents (aged 13 to 18) School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse (2015) · Cochrane | OR 3.56 [1.13, 11.24] | 3 studies · 1788 participants | Moderate |
Intensive advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Physical abuse Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS; 80 items rated on a 7‐point scale) · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 265 participants | Low |
Brief advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Sexual abuse CTS sexual abuse single‐item mean change from baseline · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Moderate |
Brief advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Emotional abuse Outcome was measured on different scales in different studiesj · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 558 participants | Low |
Brief advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Emotional abuse CTS mean change from baseline · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Moderate |
Brief advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Overall abuse Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) score. Scale from 0 to 30 · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Intensive advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Physical abuse (dichotomous outcome) · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.33, 1.14] | 2 studies · 182 participants | Very low |
Intensive advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Emotional abuse (dichotomous outcome) · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.58 [0.3, 1.13] | 1 study · 141 participants | Moderate |
Intensive advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Emotional abuse Index of Psychological Abuse (IPA; 33 items rated on a 4‐point scale) · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 265 participants | Very low |
Intensive advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Overall abuse One study used a composite of two scales (12 items. Scale from 0 to 36) Other study used Composite Abuse Scale (CAS)i (30 items presented in a 6‐point format requiring respondents to answer 'never', 'only once', 'several times', 'mon... · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 181 participants | Very low |
Intensive advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Overall abuse (dichotomous outcome) · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.29, 1.79] | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Brief advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Physical abuse Outcome was measured on different scales in different studiesa · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 558 participants | Moderate |
Brief advocacy interventions for women who experience intimate partner abuse vs usual care at up to 12‐month follow‐up Physical abuse by severity ‐ severe Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) mean change from baseline · women with intimate partner abuse Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well‐being… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Moderate |