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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Enalapril plus folic acid vs enalapril Death from any cause · adults with hypertension Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.1] | 1 study · 20702 participants | High |
Enalapril plus folic acid vs enalapril Serious adverse event (cancer) · adults with hypertension Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.71, 1.31] | 1 study · 20243 participants | Moderate |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine; pyridoxal); B9 (folic acid) or B12 (cyanocobalamin) vs placebo or standard care Stroke · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.82, 0.99] | 10 studies · 44224 participants | High |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine; pyridoxal); B9 (folic acid) or B12 (cyanocobalamin) vs placebo or standard care Death by any cause · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06] | 11 studies · 44817 participants | High |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine; pyridoxal); B9 (folic acid) or B12 (cyanocobalamin) vs placebo or standard care Adverse events · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [1, 1.14] | 8 studies · 35788 participants | High |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (high dose) vs homocysteine‐lowering interventions (low dose) Myocardial infarction · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.66, 1.23] | 1 study · 3649 participants | Moderate |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (high dose) vs homocysteine‐lowering interventions (low dose) Stroke · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.66, 1.22] | 2 studies · 3929 participants | Very low |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (high dose) vs homocysteine‐lowering interventions (low dose) Death by any cause · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.11] | 1 study · 3649 participants | Moderate |
Homocysteine‐lowering interventions (high dose) vs homocysteine‐lowering interventions (low dose) Cancer · adults at risk of or with established cardiovascular disease Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Enalapril plus folic acid vs enalapril Myocardial infarction · adults with hypertension Homocysteine‐lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.6, 1.82] | 1 study · 20702 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR CVD events · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.95, 1.08] | 3 studies · 99070 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total cholesterol (mmol/L) · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 20437 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 32954 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in multivariable CVD risk (SD) · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 9549 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Investigator‐defined adverse events · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.49, 1.04] | 4 studies · 4630 participants | Low |
Intervention NR New/intensified lipid‐lowering medication · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [1.15, 1.87] | 11 studies · 14175 participants | Low |
Intervention NR New/intensified antihypertensive medication · adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (primary cardiovascular disease prevention) Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [1.08, 2.11] | 8 studies · 13255 participants | Low |
Education, self‐monitoring plus education, and decision aids vs usual care Percentage of time within the therapeutic range · oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation Educational and behavioural interventions for anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
Education, self‐monitoring plus education, and decision aids vs usual care HADS anxiety · oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation Educational and behavioural interventions for anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 587 participants | Low |
Education, self‐monitoring plus education, and decision aids vs usual care HADS depression · oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation Educational and behavioural interventions for anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 587 participants | Low |
Education, self‐monitoring plus education, and decision aids vs usual care Decision conflict · oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation Educational and behavioural interventions for anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 721 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total mortality at the end of the · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.6, 1.05] | 13 studies · 10075 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fatal and/or non‐fatal MI at the end of the · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.26, 1.48] | 2 studies · 209 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Other fatal and/or non‐fatal cardiovascular events · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.23, 0.56] | 2 studies · 310 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total revascularisations (including CABG and PCI) · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.19, 1.71] | 3 studies · 456 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Hospitalisations (cardiac‐related)at end of · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.71, 1.21] | 5 studies · 14849 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR All cause withdrawal at · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.88, 1.22] | 17 studies · 10972 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoLVarious HRQoL measures · patients with coronary heart disease Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 4393 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Overall mortality ( · people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.97, 1.12] | 12 studies · 35543 participants | High |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular mortality ( · people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.93, 1.12] | 5 studies · 32966 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Non‐cardiovascular mortality ( · people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.98, 1.28] | 5 studies · 32966 participants | High |
Intervention NR Fatal or non‐fatal myocardial infarction ( · people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.87, 1] | 9 studies · 34829 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fatal and non‐fatal stroke ( · people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.74, 1.22] | 7 studies · 33661 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Discontinuation of treatment due to side effects ( · people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.17 [1.7, 2.77] | 17 studies · 33539 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.64, 1.89] | 5 studies · 5300 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ASCVD event, such as fatal or non‐fatal myocardial infarction or stroke. Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.95, 1.66] | 6 studies · 4517 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Any investigator‐defined adverse event Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [1.09, 1.25] | 11 studies · 6906 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Systolic blood pressure, mmHg Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 7638 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Total cholesterol, mmol/L Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 6565 participants | Low |
Intervention NR LDL cholesterol, mmol/L Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 7153 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adherence, variable definitions Median · adults older than 18 years, with no restriction regarding presence of ASCVD; participants generally had elevated risk… Fixed‐dose combination therapy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.26, 1.65] | 4 studies · 3835 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Outcomes · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only All‐cause mortality · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.01, 4.75] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Clinically important non‐fatal end point as defined byShores 1994(aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation, congestive heart failure, or cardiovascular surgery) · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.37, 1.69] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Acute aortic dissection · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.12, 3.03] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Aortic regurgitation · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.18, 7.96] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Congestive heart failure · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.18, 7.96] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Cardiovascular surgery · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.12, 3.03] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only Aortic root diameter > 6 cm · people with confirmed diagnosis of Marfan syndrome Beta‐blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.08, 18.24] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Major cardiovascular event Physicians · middle‐aged US male physicians Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.99 [0.89, 1.1] | 1 study · 14641 participants | Low |