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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

current versions

No studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Hypnotherapy vs control Treatment success: postintervention · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 146 participants	Low
Hypnotherapy vs control Pain intensity: postintervention Lower score equals less pain. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 146 participants	Low
Probiotics vs placebo Change in pain frequency: 0 to 3 months' postintervention Different measures were used to assess pain frequency, such as a visual analogue scale and the Wong‐Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (McGrath 1996; Wong 1988). · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 523 participants	Low
Probiotics vs placebo Change in pain intensity: 0 to 3 months' postintervention Different measures were used to assess pain intensity, as above. · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 575 participants	Low
Probiotics vs placebo Improvement in pain: 0 to 3 months' postintervention Different measures and definitions were used for improvement in pain, such as Likert scale, visual analogue scale, and Subject’s Global Assessment of Relief Scale (McGrath 1996; Muller‐Lissner 2... · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.63 [1.07, 2.47]	7 studies · 722 participants	Moderate
Probiotics vs placebo Improvement in pain: 0 to 3 months' postintervention Subgroup (irritable bowel syndrome) Different measures were used to assess improvement in pain, as above. · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	OR 3.01 [1.77, 5.13]	4 studies · 344 participants	Moderate
Probiotics vs placebo Improvement in pain: 3 to 6 months' postintervention Different measures were used to assess improvement in pain, as above. · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.94 [1.1, 3.43]	2 studies · 224 participants	Moderate
Fibre vs placebo Change in pain intensity: 0 to 3 months' postintervention Pain intensity was measured using different scales in the 2 included studies: the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, Wong 1988, and the Numerical Rating Scale (von Baeyer 2009). · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 135 participants	Low
Fibre vs placebo Improvement in pain: 0 to 3 months' postintervention Improvement in pain was defined and measured differently in the 2 included studies: using a "stomach ache diary" and the Faces Pain Scale (Bieri 1990). · Children with recurrent abdominal pain Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.83 [0.92, 3.65]	2 studies · 136 participants	Low
Antispasmodics vs placebo Pain duration (mean pain duration, assessed at 4 weeks) · school‐aged children (5 to 18 years of age) with recurrent abdominal pain Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 120 participants	Very low
Antispasmodics vs placebo Pain improvement (clinician judged, assessed at 2 weeks) · school‐aged children (5 to 18 years of age) with recurrent abdominal pain Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	OR 3.33 [0.93, 12.01]	1 study · 42 participants	Very low
Antispasmodics vs placebo Pain frequency (episodes of pain in 4 weeks, assessed after 4 weeks) · school‐aged children (5 to 18 years of age) with recurrent abdominal pain Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	MD 11.3 [2.4, 20.1]	1 study · 132 participants	Very low
Antispasmodics vs placebo Pain improvement (self reported response to treatment, assessed at 4 weeks) · school‐aged children (5 to 18 years of age) with recurrent abdominal pain Pharmacological interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.6 [0.7, 3.4]	1 study · 115 participants	Low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Inattention Measured using SNAP‐IV inattention subscale (range 0 to 27) · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 51 participants	Low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Impulsivity · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 48 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Hyperactivity Measured using ABC hyperactivity subscale (range 0 to 48) · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 71 participants	Low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Impaired social interaction · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 71 participants	Very low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Impaired communication · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 48 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Stereotypical behaviours · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 48 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Overall ASD · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 48 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Total number of adverse events · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 108 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Hyperactivity · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 73 participants	Low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Impulsivity · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 36 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Impaired social interaction · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 63 participants	Very low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Impaired communication · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 24 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Stereotypical behaviours · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 69 participants	Low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Overall ASD · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 36 participants	Low
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Total number of adverse events · children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 79 participants	Ungraded
High‐dose methylphenidate vs placebo Inattention Measured using SNAP‐IV inattention subscale (range 0 to 27) · Children aged 6 to 18 years with ASD Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 71 participants	Low
Aerobic exercise vs usual care Activity Gross motor function · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 65 participants	Low
Aerobic exercise vs usual care Activity Gait speed · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 82 participants	Very low
Resistance training vs usual care Activity Gross motor function · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 164 participants	Low
Resistance training vs usual care Activity Gross motor function · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 85 participants	Low
Resistance training vs usual care Activity Gait speed · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 185 participants	Low
Resistance training vs usual care Activity Gait speed · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 84 participants	Low
Resistance training vs usual care Participation · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 127 participants	Low
Mixed training vs usual care Activity Gross motor function · children and adolescents with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 163 participants	Low
Resistance training vs aerobic exercise Activity Gross motor function · children with cerebral palsy Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 56 participants	Low
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Emotional and behavioural problems (parent report) Scales used: BSI‐II, BSQ, CAPES, CBCL, CBQ postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 280 participants	Low
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Externalising problems (parent report) Scales used: CBCL, ECBI postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 989 participants	Moderate
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Externalising problems ‐ hyperactivity‐inattention (parent report) Scales used: HSQ postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 19 participants	Very low
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Internalising problems (parent report) Scale used: CAPES postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 0.34	1 study · 73 participants	Low
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Social skills (parent report) Scale used: VABS postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 3.59 [2.42, 4.76]	1 study · 32 participants	Very low
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Parent‐child interaction ‐ negative behaviour (observer report) Scales used: DPICS, IBCS postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 941 participants	Moderate
Group‐based parent training programmes vs control Parent‐child interaction ‐ positive behaviour (observer report) Scales used: Attachment Q‐set, DPICS postintervention · young children Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 0.48 [0.17, 0.79]	4 studies · 173 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR ABC ‐ Irritability subscale Mean score changes 8 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 308 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR ABC ‐ Hyperactivity subscale Mean score changes 8 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 308 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR ABC ‐ Stereotypy subscale Mean score changes 8 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 308 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Weight gain 8 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 308 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Sedation 8 weeks of treatment · children/youth with ASD Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 313 participants	Moderate