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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Participant‐reported postoperative pain intensity measured on continuous scales · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Analgesic use measured via PCA · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 104 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mental distress · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mobility · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time to extubation · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 154 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of participants with self‐reported pain intensity reduction of at least 50% from baseline · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Number of participants below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale (VAS) in self‐reported postoperative pain intensity · adults undergoing open heart surgery Psychological interventions for acute pain after open heart surgery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), SD units: measured on FACIT‐Pal, TOI of FACT‐Hep, TOI of FACT‐L, FACT‐G, McGill Quality of Life, FACIT‐Sp. Higher scores indicate better HRQOL. · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1028 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), natural units: measured on FACT‐G (from 0 to 108) · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1028 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Survival: estimated with the unadjusted death hazard ratio · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.85 | 4 studies · 800 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Depression, SD units: measured on CES‐D, HADS‐D, PHQ‐9. Higher scores indicate higher depressive symptom load. · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 762 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Depression, natural units: measured on CES‐D (from 0 to 60). Higher scores indicate higher depressive symptom load · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 762 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Symptom intensity, SD units: measured on ESAS, QUAL‐E Symptom Impact Subscale, SDS, RSC, LCS of FACT‐L, HCS of FACT‐Hep. Higher scores indicate higher symptom intensity. · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1054 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Symptom intensity, natural units: measured on ESAS (from 0 to 900). · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1054 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · patients with advanced cancer Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1614 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Cumulative pain score from the end of operation (0 hours) to 72 hours (NRS 0 to 10) · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 189 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Mean pain score at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours following surgery (NRS 0 to 10) · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 134 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Time to first postoperative opioid dose over initial 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Total postoperative opioid consumption over first 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 134 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Percentage of participants not requiring postoperative opioids over initial 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 134 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Incidence of adverse events within 30 days of surgery · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 583 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Serious adverse events · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 382 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Mean pain score at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours following surgery (NRS 0 to 10) · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Time to first postoperative opioid dose over initial 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 382 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Total postoperative opioid consumption over first 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 189 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Percentage of participants not requiring postoperative opioids over initial 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 382 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo Incidence of adverse events within 30 days of surgery · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 382 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Cumulative pain score from the end of operation (0 hours) to 72 hours (NRS 0 to 10) · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 379 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine hydrochloride Serious adverse events · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 583 participants | Moderate |
Morphine vs placebo Reported outcomes approximating to 30% reduction in pain · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 62 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 62 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo PGIC much or very much improved · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo Any pain‐related outcome (moderate pain improvement) · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RD 0.27 [0.16, 0.38] | 4 studies · 263 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo Death · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo Any adverse event · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs placebo All‐cause withdrawal · adults with neuropathic pain (any origin) Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RD 0.04 | 4 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Pain‐free at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Pain‐free at other time points (1, 4, 24 hours) · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Pain‐free or mild pain at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 215 participants | Very low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Use of rescue medication · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 397 participants | Low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Patient Global Evaluation at end of study · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 397 participants | Very low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Any adverse event · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 723 participants | Low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Specific adverse events · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 767 participants | Very low |
Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults with episodic tension‐type headache Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 767 participants | Very low |
TENS vs sham TENS Post‐intervention pain intensity (VAS 0‐10) · adults with neuropathic pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 207 participants | Very low |
TENS vs sham TENS Health related quality of life · adults with neuropathic pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs sham TENS Participant global impression of change · adults with neuropathic pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs sham TENS Analgesic medication use · adults with neuropathic pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs sham TENS Incidence/nature of adverse events · adults with neuropathic pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |