Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,049 questions in 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement
current versionsNo studies 240 · 22.9%Ungraded 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Mortality (at 3 to 4 months' · adults with cognitive impairment/dementia and cognitively intact populations Antihypertensive withdrawal for the prevention of cognitive decline (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.08] | 2 studies · 2485 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular events (at 3 to 4 months' · adults with cognitive impairment/dementia and cognitively intact populations Antihypertensive withdrawal for the prevention of cognitive decline (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.96, 1.72] | 2 studies · 2485 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Falls ‐ not measured · adults with cognitive impairment/dementia and cognitively intact populations Antihypertensive withdrawal for the prevention of cognitive decline (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Hospitalisations (at 4 months' · adults with cognitive impairment/dementia and cognitively intact populations Antihypertensive withdrawal for the prevention of cognitive decline (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.36, 2.06] | 1 study · 388 participants | Low |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Cognitive function (change from baseline at 26 weeks using ADAS‐Cog) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 3232 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Cognitive function (change from baseline at 26 weeks using MMSE) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 3205 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Activities of daily living (change from baseline at 26 weeks measured using various scales) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 3230 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Physician rated global impression tests (no change or worse compared with baseline, measured using Global Impression of Change at 26 weeks) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.68 [0.58, 0.8] | 7 studies · 3338 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Behavioural symptoms (change from baseline at 26 weeks measured using various scales) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1529 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Acceptability of treatment (as measured by withdrawals from trials before end of treatment at 26 weeks) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.01 [1.71, 2.37] | 7 studies · 3569 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Incidence of adverse events (at least one adverse event by 26 weeks) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.14 [1.8, 2.53] | 7 studies · 3587 participants | Moderate |
Rivastigmine vs placebo Quality of life of patients or carers (measured using NPI‐D carer distress scale (change from baseline at 24 weeks) · patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 529 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognition, SD units Investigators measured cognition using different instruments. Higher scores represent better cognitive function · people with dementia Exercise programs for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 409 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Activities of daily living, SD units Investigators measured ADLs using different instruments. Higher scores represent better performance · people with dementia Exercise programs for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 289 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Depression, SD units Investigators measured depression using a variety of scales. Lower scores represent improvement · people with dementia Exercise programs for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 341 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Neuropsychiatric symptoms Measured using NPI. Severity of symptoms is measured on a scale of 0‐144. A higher score indicates worse symptoms · people with dementia Exercise programs for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Very low |
Case management vs usual care Institutionalised (number of participants admitted to residential or nursing homes) at 10 ‐ 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.83, 1.08] | 9 studies · 5990 participants | Low |
Case management vs usual care Time to institutionalisation at 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Case management vs usual care Hospital admission (number of participants admitted) at 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.59, 1.3] | 5 studies · 585 participants | Moderate |
Case management vs usual care Mortality (number of deaths) at 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.83, 1.2] | 8 studies · 6112 participants | High |
Case management vs usual care Quality of life (participants) at 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | SMD 0.05 | 3 studies · 511 participants | High |
Case management vs usual care Quality of life (carers) at 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | SMD 0.21 [0.06, 0.37] | 5 studies · 681 participants | Moderate |
Case management vs usual care Carer burden at 10 ‐ 12 months · people with dementia Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 3772 participants | Low |
Pharmacological agents vs placebo Cognitive performance on psychometric tests · Participants with chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 274 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological agents vs placebo Clinical global improvement · Participants with chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Pharmacological agents vs placebo Acceptability · Participants with chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 274 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological agents vs placebo Safety · Participants with chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 274 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological agents vs placebo Mortality · Participants with chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury Pharmacotherapy for chronic cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 274 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ the Cognitive portion of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale ADAS‐Cog1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ Wechsler Memory Scales WMS‐general memory score1 · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ Selective Reminding Test total SRT1 · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | High |
Intervention NR Clinical global impression of change ‐ patient's self‐reported impression of memory change · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.67 [0.93, 3] | 2 studies · 189 participants | High |
Intervention NR Clinical global impression of change ‐ patient's self‐reported impression of cognitive change · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.45, 1.98] | 1 study · 120 participants | High |
Intervention NR Clinical global impression of change ‐ clinician's impression of memory change · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.95 [0.88, 4.3] | 1 study · 120 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Clinical global impression of change ‐ clinician's impression of cognitive change · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.96 [1.06, 3.62] | 2 studies · 189 participants | High |
Intervention NR Activities of daily living ‐ Patient reported impact of multiple sclerosis activities Patient reported impact of multiple sclerosis activities1 · Multiple sclerosis Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ the Cognitive portion of the Vascular Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale change V‐ADAS‐Cog1 · CADASIL Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 161 participants | High |
Intervention NR Clinical global impression of change ‐ the Sum of Boxes of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale CDR‐SB1 · CADASIL Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 161 participants | High |
Intervention NR Activities of daily living ‐ Disability Assessment for Dementia scale DAD1 · CADASIL Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 161 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale‐Symbol Digit Modalities Test change UHDRS‐SDMT1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nausea · Patients with neurological conditions associated with rarer dementias Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.1 [1.22, 3.62] | 6 studies · 503 participants | High |
Intervention NR Diarrhea · Patients with neurological conditions associated with rarer dementias Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 3.26 [1.72, 6.19] | 6 studies · 503 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Vomiting · Patients with neurological conditions associated with rarer dementias Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | OR 5.76 [1.67, 19.87] | 3 studies · 374 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale‐Verbal Fluency Test change UHDRS‐FAS1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ Verbal fluency test Verbal fluency test1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐Symbol Digit Modalities Test SDMT1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ California Verbal Learning Test‐II trials 1‐5 CVLT‐II trials 1‐51 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ California Verbal Learning Test‐II short‐delay recall CVLT‐II SD recall1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ California Verbal Learning Test‐II long‐delay recall CVLT‐II LD recall1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cognitive function ‐ California Verbal Learning Test‐II recognition task CVLT‐II recognition task1 · Huntington's disease Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Moderate |