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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,049 questions in 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement
current versionsNo studies 240 · 22.9%Ungraded 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham tDCS Word retrieval · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training Adverse events · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 37 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training Word retrieval · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training Overall language abilities · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Active tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training Overall cognitive assessment · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Active tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training Quality of life · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Active tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus phonological word‐retrieval training Adverse events · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training Word retrieval · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training Overall language abilities · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Active tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training Overall cognitive assessment · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Active tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training Quality of life · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham tDCS Overall language abilities · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic word‐retrieval training Adverse events · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3 participants | Very low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs active control‐site rTMS Word retrieval · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs active control‐site rTMS Overall language abilities · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs active control‐site rTMS Overall cognitive assessment · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs active control‐site rTMS Quality of life · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs active control‐site rTMS Adverse events · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham tDCS Overall cognitive assessment · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham tDCS Quality of life · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) vs sham tDCS Adverse events · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training Word retrieval · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training Overall language abilities · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 28 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training Overall cognitive assessment · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 37 participants | Very low |
Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training Quality of life · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Cognition · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 studies · 2340 participants | Moderate |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Communication and social interaction · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 702 participants | High |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Mood: self‐reported · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 299 participants | Moderate |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Mood: interviewer/staff‐rated · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 959 participants | Moderate |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Instrumental ADL · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 687 participants | High |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Behaviour that challenges · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 754 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Quality of Life: self‐report · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1584 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Communication and social interaction · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 702 participants | High |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Mood: self‐reported · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 787 participants | High |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Mood: interviewer/staff‐rated · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1011 participants | Low |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Instrumental ADL · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1318 participants | High |
Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Behaviour that challenges · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1340 participants | Moderate |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Cognition · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 1637 participants | Moderate |
Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment) Quality of Life: self‐report · people with dementia Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1058 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention vs usual care Residents with at least one physical restraint · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.76, 0.94] | 4 studies · 3849 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care Restraint intensity · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 241 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care Residents with at least one fall · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 813 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care Residents with at least one fall‐related serious injury · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 463 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care Residents with at least one psychotropic medication · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1202 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care Restraint use · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care Serious adverse events related to the use of physical restraints ‐ not measured · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care Duration of physical restraint use ‐ not measured · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care Falls · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care Fall‐related injuries ‐ not measured · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care Residents with at least one psychotropic medication ‐ not measured · older people in all long‐term care settings Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |