What do systematic reviews say?

Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Placebo rinse did not significantly change plaque relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

• The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes

  Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
  MD -0.19 [-0.39, 0.02]
  7 studies · 152 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

0.12% chlorhexidine rinse reduced plaque relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

• The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes

  Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity) · Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.12%
  MD 1.79 [1.39, 2.19]
  2 studies · 126 participants
  GRADE not reported

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Salvadora persica rinse reduced plaque relative to its own baseline; not GRADE-rated.

• The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes

  Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
  MD 0.46 [0.29, 0.63]
  12 studies · 310 participants
  GRADE not reported

Placebo rinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

Placebo rinse did not significantly change Streptococcus mutans counts relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

• The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes

  Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
  MD 0.34 [-0.07, 0.76]
  5 studies · 71 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine 0.2% vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group)

0.2% chlorhexidine rinse reduced plaque relative to baseline; not GRADE-rated.

• The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes

  Pre- vs post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity) · Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.2%
  MD 0.45 [0.19, 0.70]
  10 studies · 282 participants
  GRADE not reported

Higher maternal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower maternal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower maternal 25(OH)D) for Pre-eclampsia: OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.80), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

• Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
  OR 0.56 [0.39, 0.80]
  9 studies · 3230 participants
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Preterm delivery: RR 0.77 (95% CI 0.35 to 1.66), not statistically significant.

• Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
  RR 0.77 [0.35, 1.66]
  2 studies · 529 participants
  GRADE not reported

Community and caregiver oral health education plus media campaign vs Pre-intervention BBTD rate

High-intensity community education was associated with a 33% reduction in BBTD prevalence, without a GRADE rating.

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  3 years · Alaska Native and American Indian Head Start sites · High-intensity training
  Percent reduction in BBTD prevalence 33
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  3 years · Alaska Native and American Indian Head Start sites · Medium-intensity training
  Percent reduction in BBTD prevalence 18
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  3 years · Alaska Native and American Indian Head Start sites · Low-intensity training
  Percent reduction in BBTD prevalence 27
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Community and caregiver oral health education plus media campaign vs Pre-intervention BBTD rate

The Alaska Native site had a 20% increase in BBTD prevalence, without a GRADE rating.

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  3 years · Alaska Native Head Start site · Alaska Native site
  Percent increase in BBTD prevalence 20
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental healthcare… 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF tables state 'Not reported'; no included study reported adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental healthcare… 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Primary outcome. Not measured by any of the 17 included studies (SoF tables state 'Not reported'); remained a total evidence gap from the protocol.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental healthcare… 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No included study reported change of oral microbiota.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental healthcare… 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No included study assessed acceptability or feasibility.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental healthcare… 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No included study reported cost.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans

RETRACTED. Among studies before 2017, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.89, 95% CI 2.79-8.58); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review.

• RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A comprehensive… 2024 All outcomes

  Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Children aged ≤6 years; multiple countries (Asia, Europe, Americas); dental/clinical and community settings · Time period: before 2017
  OR 4.89 [2.79, 8.58]
  10 studies
  GRADE not reported
• RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A comprehensive… 2024 All outcomes

  Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Children aged ≤6 years; multiple countries (Asia, Europe, Americas); dental/clinical and community settings · Sample collection: dental plaque
  OR 4.08 [2.65, 6.27]
  13 studies
  GRADE not reported
• RETRACTED: Investigating the association between Candida albicans and early childhood dental caries: A comprehensive… 2024 All outcomes

  Exposure and outcome assessed concurrently (observational); children aged ≤6 years · Children aged ≤6 years; multiple countries (Asia, Europe, Americas); dental/clinical and community settings · Region: Europe
  OR 10.13 [6.01, 17.09]
  5 studies · 635 participants
  GRADE not reported

Preoperative paracetamol (acetaminophen) vs placebo

• Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No adverse events were recorded in Primosch 1995. The other two studies did not mention adverse events.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Er:YAG laser preparation combined with acid-etching vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid)

At 12 months, Er:YAG laser combined with acid-etching significantly improved sealant retention versus acid-etching alone (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.80, favouring laser+acid; ungraded, single study).

• The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic review and… 2019 All outcomes

  12 months · Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)
  OR 0.39 [0.19, 0.80]
  1 study · 42 participants
  GRADE not reported
• The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic review and… 2019 All outcomes

  6 months · Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)
  OR 0.55 [0.23, 1.34]
  1 study · 42 participants
  GRADE not reported
• The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic review and… 2019 All outcomes

  18 months · Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)
  OR 0.41 [0.21, 0.80]
  1 study · 42 participants
  GRADE not reported

Er:YAG laser preparation combined with acid-etching vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid)

Heart rate and oxygen saturation did not differ significantly between laser-plus-acid and acid-etching (ungraded, single study).

• The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic review and… 2019 All outcomes

  Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)
  Shindova 2018 (Er:YAG laser+acid vs acid-etching): no significant differences in heart rate or oxygen saturation between groups.
  1 study · 64 participants
  GRADE not reported

Er:YAG laser preparation combined with acid-etching vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid)

Caries incidence was 10% with laser-plus-acid versus 22% with acid-etching at 18 months, a non-significant difference (ungraded, single study).

• The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic review and… 2019 All outcomes

  18 months · Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)
  Durmus 2017 (Er:YAG laser+acid vs acid-etching): caries incidence 10% (n=8) in the laser-plus-acid group vs 22% (n=18) in the acid-etching group at 18 months; difference not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
  1 study · 51 participants
  GRADE not reported

Er:YAG laser preparation combined with acid-etching vs Acid-etching (phosphoric acid)

Er:YAG laser preparation added to acid-etching did not increase children's dental anxiety versus acid-etching alone (P > 0.05; ungraded, single study).

• The clinical effects of laser preparation of tooth surfaces for fissure sealants placement: a systematic review and… 2019 All outcomes

  Clinical (in vivo pit-and-fissure sealant placement)
  Shindova 2018 (Er:YAG laser+acid vs acid-etching): no significant difference between initial and final subjective anxiety scores for the two groups; use of the Er:YAG laser did not provoke anxiety (P > 0.05).
  1 study · 64 participants
  GRADE not reported