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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
430 questions in 68 reviews · Tobacco Addiction
current versionsNo studies 26 · 6%Ungraded 12 · 2.8%Very low 116 · 27%Low 159 · 37%Moderate 87 · 20.2%High 30 · 7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Varenicline vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 137 participants | Ungraded |
Varenicline vs nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy Cardiac SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 137 participants | Ungraded |
Varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.87, 1.2] | 5 studies · 2344 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.15 [0.49, 9.46] | 4 studies · 1852 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.69 [0.23, 96.5] | 2 studies · 764 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy Cardiac SAEs · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.88] | 2 studies · 819 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs e‐cigarettes Smoking abstinence at longest · people who continued to smoke tobacco following acute coronary syndrome Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.25 [1.21, 8.71] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Varenicline vs placebo or no medication Neuropsychiatric SAEs (varenicline vs placebo or no medication) · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.61, 1.29] | 22 studies · 7846 participants | Low |
Varenicline vs e‐cigarettes SAEs · people who continued to smoke tobacco following acute coronary syndrome Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Ungraded |
Varenicline vs e‐cigarettes Neuropsychiatric SAEs · people who continued to smoke tobacco following acute coronary syndrome Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Ungraded |
Varenicline vs e‐cigarettes Cardiac SAEs · people who continued to smoke tobacco following acute coronary syndrome Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Ungraded |
Varenicline vs placebo or no medication Cardiac SAEs (varenicline vs placebo or no medication) · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.79, 1.84] | 18 studies · 7151 participants | Low |
Cytisine vs placebo or no medication Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.15, 1.47] | 4 studies · 4623 participants | Moderate |
Cytisine vs placebo or no medication SAEs (cytisine vs placebo or no medication) · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.78, 1.37] | 3 studies · 3781 participants | Low |
Cytisine vs placebo or no medication Neuropsychiatric SAEs (cytisine vs placebo or no medication) · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cytisine vs placebo or no medication Cardiac SAEs (cytisine vs placebo or no medication) · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cytisine vs varenicline Smoking abstinence at longest · people who smoke tobacco Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.79, 1.26] | 2 studies · 2131 participants | Low |
Combination vs single‐form nicotine replacement therapy Smoking cessation · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.17, 1.37] | 16 studies · 12169 participants | High |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.93, 1.29] | 5 studies · 1655 participants | Moderate |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Smoking cessation ‐ 25 mg versus 15 mg (16‐hour patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1, 1.41] | 3 studies · 3446 participants | Moderate |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Smoking cessation ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [1.06, 2.08] | 1 study · 537 participants | Moderate |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 5.01 [0.87, 28.82] | 2 studies · 1023 participants | Low |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Overall SAEs ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 537 participants | Low |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Treatment withdrawals ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.99 [1.6, 15.5] | 2 studies · 554 participants | Low |
Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch Treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.36, 1.64] | 1 study · 537 participants | Low |
Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy Smoking cessation · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 7078 participants | Low |
Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1173 participants | Very low |
Longer vs shorter duration of nicotine patch therapy Treatment withdrawals · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 648 participants | Very low |
Combination vs single‐form nicotine replacement therapy Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.44 [0.76, 25.85] | 5 studies · 2888 participants | Low |
Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy vs nicotine patch Smoking cessation · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.05] | 8 studies · 3319 participants | High |
Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy vs nicotine patch Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1252 participants | Very low |
Fast‐acting nicotine replacement therapy vs nicotine patch Treatment withdrawals · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.23 [1.54, 11.63] | 3 studies · 1482 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation ‐ oral spray versus gum · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.29, 2.19] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation ‐ oral spray versus inhaler · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.46, 8.73] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation ‐ gum versus inhaler · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [0.53, 11.7] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment withdrawals · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs standard‐use NRT Smoking cessation · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.08, 1.44] | 9 studies · 4395 participants | Moderate |
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs standard‐use NRT Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.59, 2.09] | 4 studies · 3908 participants | Low |
Combination vs single‐form nicotine replacement therapy Treatment withdrawals · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.57, 2.2] | 5 studies · 3070 participants | Very low |
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs standard‐use NRT Treatment withdrawals · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.95] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy Smoking cessation ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.75, 1.23] | 1 study · 637 participants | Very low |
Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy Smoking cessation ‐ 6 weeks versus 2 weeks · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.94, 1.31] | 1 study · 987 participants | Low |
Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy Overall SAEs ‐ 26 weeks versus 8 weeks · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.6, 4.42] | 1 study · 544 participants | Very low |
Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy Overall SAEs ‐ 16 weeks versus 8 weeks · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 637 participants | Very low |
Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy Overall SAEs ‐ 6 weeks versus 2 weeks · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 987 participants | Very low |
Longer vs shorter duration of combination nicotine replacement therapy Treatment withdrawals · people who smoke Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Component · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Nicotine tapering · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.14 [1, 1.29] | 111 studies · 33156 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Component · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC)… Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |