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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin B12 supplementation vs placebo/no vitamin B12 supplementation Neural tube defects ‐ not reported · pregnant women Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any psychosocial intervention vs treatment Number of continuously abstinent women ‐ total · stopping or reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [1.14, 1.57] | 3 studies · 378 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any psychosocial intervention vs treatment Number of drinks per day ‐ total · stopping or reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 157 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any psychosocial intervention vs treatment Number of women who completed treatment ‐ total · stopping or reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.94, 1.02] | 7 studies · 1283 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any psychosocial intervention vs treatment Adverse events ‐ not measured · stopping or reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any psychosocial intervention vs treatment Withdrawal signs and symptoms ‐ not measured · stopping or reducing alcohol consumption during pregnancy Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Infant hospitalisation with laboratory‐confirmed RSV disease · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.31, 0.82] | 4 studies · 12216 participants | High |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Infant hospitalisation with clinically confirmed RSV disease · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Intrauterine growth restriction · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.75, 2.33] | 4 studies · 12545 participants | Moderate |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Stillbirth · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.38, 1.72] | 5 studies · 12652 participants | Low |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Maternal death · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.12, 73.5] | 3 studies · 7977 participants | Low |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Preterm birth · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.99, 1.36] | 6 studies · 17560 participants | Very low |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Congenital abnormalities · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.88, 1.04] | 4 studies · 12304 participants | High |
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine vs placebo Infant death · pregnant woman Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy for improving infant outcomes (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.36, 1.81] | 6 studies · 17589 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Perinatal mortality ‐ not reported · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Apgar < 7 at 5 min ‐ not reported · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Transfer to neonatal intensive care unit ‐ not reported · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Caesarean section · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Baby not breastfed · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.84 [0.15, 23.38] | 1 study · 11 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Planned hospital birth vs Planned home birth Maternal satisfaction ‐ not reported · Pregnant women at low risk of complications Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Caesarean section · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.76, 1.09] | 4 studies · 1190 participants | Moderate |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Instrumental delivery · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.13] | 4 studies · 1190 participants | Low |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Shoulder dystocia · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.37, 0.98] | 4 studies · 1190 participants | Moderate |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Brachial plexus injury · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.01, 4.28] | 4 studies · 1190 participants | Low |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Fracture (any) · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.05, 0.79] | 4 studies · 1190 participants | High |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Low Apgar score (5 minutes) · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.25, 9.02] | 2 studies · 858 participants | Low |
Induction of labour vs expectant management Low arterial cord blood pH (< 7.10) · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.46, 2.22] | 1 study · 818 participants | Moderate |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.82, 1.26] | 7 studies · 1685 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.02, 1.6] | 12 studies · 1756 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.12, 2.66] | 3 studies · 381 participants | Very low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 464 participants | Very low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.5, 1.97] | 7 studies · 941 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Neonatal intensive care unit admission · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.61, 1.63] | 9 studies · 1302 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.13, 1.46] | 2 studies · 782 participants | Moderate |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.48, 1.38] | 2 studies · 2033 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.04, 1.32] | 7 studies · 3178 participants | Moderate |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.6, 2.06] | 3 studies · 2627 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.52] | 3 studies · 2627 participants | Very low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.18, 0.67] | 6 studies · 1966 participants | Moderate |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Apgar score < 7 after 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.38, 1.32] | 4 studies · 2693 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol Neonatal intensive care unit admission · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.58, 1.17] | 5 studies · 2873 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Caesarean section · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.92, 1.09] | 28 studies · 6619 participants | Moderate |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.25, 0.93] | 8 studies · 2757 participants | Moderate |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.12] | 4 studies · 1481 participants | Very low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.49, 1.14] | 14 studies · 4271 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2 Neonatal intensive care unit admission · third trimester labour induction in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.65, 1.04] | 12 studies · 3647 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.85, 1.39] | 2 studies · 340 participants | Low |
Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus Mechanical methods for induction of labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.18, 0.85] | 8 studies · 1322 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Moxibustion plus usual care vs usual care Non‐cephalic presentation at birth · breech presentation Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.78, 0.99] | 7 studies · 1152 participants | Moderate |