Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs active comparators Depression, change from baseline · people at high risk of or withcardiovascular disease Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 595 participants | Moderate |
Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs active comparators Perceived stress, change from baseline · people at high risk of or withcardiovascular disease Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 357 participants | Moderate |
Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs active comparators Well‐being · people at high risk of or withcardiovascular disease Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs active comparators Adverse events · people at high risk of or withcardiovascular disease Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs active comparators Smoking cessation · people at high risk of or withcardiovascular disease Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.78, 2.68] | 6 studies · 1087 participants | Low |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Apixaban (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 8638 participants | Moderate |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Rivaroxaban (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 21870 participants | High |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Dabigatran (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1861 participants | Low |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Apixaban (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 8638 participants | Moderate |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Rivaroxaban (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 21870 participants | Moderate |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Dabigatran (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1861 participants | Low |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Apixaban (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 8544 participants | High |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Rivaroxaban (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 21870 participants | High |
Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants vs placebo Dabigatran (all doses combined) vs placebo · adults after AMI without an indication for anticoagulation Non‐vitamin‐K‐antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute myocardial infarction: a network… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1861 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics Daily fluid balance in millilitres (measured from admission to discharge) · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 169 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics Net weight loss (measured from admission to discharge) · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 497 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics All‐cause mortality (from admission to discharge) · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.81, 2.9] | 5 studies · 530 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics Length of hospital stay (from admission to discharge) · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 211 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics Readmission to hospital following discharge · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.63, 1.16] | 3 studies · 400 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous infusion of intravenous loop diuretics vs bolus injection of intravenous loop diuretics Acute kidney injury (adverse event) (from admission to discharge) · adults (aged greater than 18 years) with acute heart failure Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics for acute heart failure (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.7, 1.49] | 3 studies · 491 participants | Low |
Psychological intervention vs usual care Change in depression score ( · adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 156 participants | Low |
Psychological intervention vs usual care Change in depression score ( · adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 287 participants | Low |
Home‐based vs centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation Total mortality Number of deaths · Patients with heart disease Home‐based versus centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.65, 2.16] | 12 studies · 1647 participants | Low |
Home‐based vs centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation Exercise capacity ≤ 12 months* · Patients with heart disease Home‐based versus centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 studies · 2343 participants | Moderate |
Home‐based vs centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation Withdrawal from the exercise programme Number of completers (participants with data at · Patients with heart disease Home‐based versus centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.99, 1.08] | 23 studies · 2638 participants | Low |
Home‐based vs centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation HRQoLValidated measures of HRQoL (e.g. Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), Sickness Impact Profile, Nottingham Health Profile) · Patients with heart disease Home‐based versus centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 2207 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Mortality · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.45, 1.94] | 10 studies · 985 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes) · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1043 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Aortic cross‐clamp time (minutes) · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1235 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Postoperative blood loss (mL) · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 767 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Pain scores, measured in various ways at a median of 2 days' · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 649 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Quality of life, · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 624 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Limited sternotomy vs full sternotomy Index admission costs · adults undergoing aortic valve replacement Limited versus full sternotomy for aortic valve replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 492 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Peak IL‐6 (between the end of surgery and 24 hours post‐surgery) Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 152 studies · 6485 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Peak IL‐8 (between the end of surgery and 6 hours post‐surgery) Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 72 studies · 2963 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Hospital or 30‐day mortality Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.68, 0.91] | 190 studies · 24817 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Myocardial injury (hospital stay) Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.95, 1.14] | 86 studies · 23118 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Kidney injury (safety outcome) (hospital stay) Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.96, 1.16] | 79 studies · 23103 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Surgical Site Infection (hospital stay) Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.83, 1.01] | 40 studies · 19368 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duration of hospital length of stay Effects of interventions targeting the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery on clinical… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 148 studies · 15547 participants | Very low |
Class I and/or III antiarrhythmics vs control Outcomes at > 3 to 6 months after ablation · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control Recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.25, 1.19] | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control Adverse events: thromboembolic events · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control Adverse events: myocardial infarction · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control Adverse events: new diagnosis of heart failure · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control Adverse events: requirement for 1 or more hospitalisations for atrial tachyarrhythmia · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 participants | Ungraded |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control All‐cause mortality · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Class I antiarrhythmics vs control Requirement for 1 or more repeat ablation · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 participants | Ungraded |
Class III antiarrhythmics vs control Outcomes at > 3 to 6 months after ablation · Human trial participants undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |