Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR 24‐hour morphine consumption (mg) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1323 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Time to first analgesic request (mean time in minutes) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 410 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Nausea and vomiting (1‐6 hours postoperatively) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.34, 2.94] | 2 studies · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nausea and vomiting (6‐48 hours postoperatively) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.52, 1.38] | 5 studies · 228 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Late acute postoperative pain (24‐48 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 28 studies · 1645 participants | Low |
Intervention NR 24‐hour morphine consumption (mg) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 854 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to first analgesic request (mean time in minutes) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 975 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Early acute postoperative pain (within 6 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1140 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events (Re‐operation for bleeding (reoperation for major bleeding within 30 days (yes/no))) · adults undergoing surgery Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.95 [0.18, 20.68] | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain on movement at 30 minutes after block placement · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 503 participants | High |
Intervention NR Acute confusional state · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.5, 0.9] | 13 studies · 1072 participants | High |
Intervention NR Myocardial infarction · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Chest infections · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.19, 0.89] | 3 studies · 131 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Death · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.47, 1.6] | 11 studies · 617 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to first mobilization · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 208 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cost of analgesic regimens for single‐injection blocks · patients with hip fracture Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Intraoperative pain or discomfort (continuous data) · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Intraoperative pain or discomfort (dichotomous data) · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.4 [0.29, 0.57] | NR | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Postoperative pain or discomfort · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Participant satisfaction · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Need for additional anaesthesia during surgery Assessed dichotomously, as 'additional anaesthesia given' or 'additional anaesthesia not given' · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.88 [0.56, 1.39] | NR | Low |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Measures relating to possible intraocular toxicityAssessed by mean percentage change in corneal endothelial cell count from pre‐ to postoperatively in operated eye Assessed from 1 month to 1 year postoperatively · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine vs topical anaesthesia alone Intraoperative adverse surgical events attributable to choice of anaesthesia · adults undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.32, 3.16] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Preoperative anxiety (VAS) VAS (0 to 100 mm) measured approximately 50 to 120 minutes after premedication 0: no anxiety 100: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1264 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Immediate postoperative anxiety (VAS) VAS (0 to 100 mm) measured approximately 90 minutes after surgery or in recovery room 0: no anxiety 100: maximum anxiety possible · patients undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 176 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Postoperative anxiety (6‐item STAI) STAI 6‐item (6 to 24) measured 1 hour and 6 hours after surgery 6: no anxiety 24: maximum anxiety possible · patients undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Preoperative anxiety (STAI) STAI (20 to 80) measured approximately 120 minutes after premedication 20: no anxiety 80: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Preoperative anxiety (6‐item STAI) STAI 6‐item (6 to 24) measured approximately 90 minutes after premedication 6: no anxiety 24: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Immediate postoperative anxiety (VAS) VAS (0 to 100 mm) measured after surgery, in recovery, or at discharge from recovery room 0: no anxiety 100: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 524 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Delayed postoperative anxiety (STAI) STAI (20 to 80) measured 6 hours after surgery 20: no anxiety 80: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 73 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Postoperative anxiety (6‐item STAI) STAI 6‐item (6 to 24) measured 1 hour and 6 hours after surgery 6: no anxiety 24: maximum anxiety possible · patents undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Preoperative anxiety (VAS) VAS (0 to 100 mm) measured approximately 90 minutes after premedication 0: no anxiety 100: maximum anxiety possible · patients undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 409 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Preoperative anxiety (STAI) STAI (20 to 80) · patients undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Preoperative anxiety (6‐item STAI) STAI 6‐item (6 to 24) measured approximately 90 minutes after premedication 6: no anxiety 24: maximum anxiety possible · patients undergoing elective surgery Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Low |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Transfusion (measured in participants during or up to 5 days after operation) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.38, 0.8] | 12 studies · 1880 participants | Moderate |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Subgroup Hb concentration immediately prior to surgery (g/dL) rHuEPO high (500 to 600 IU/kg BW) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 852 participants | Low |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Subgroup Hb concentration immediately prior to surgery (g/dL) rHuEPO low (150 to 300 IU/kg BW) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 334 participants | Low |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Number of RBC units transfused per participant (intraoperative to 5 days postoperative) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1420 participants | Moderate |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Mortality (within 30 days after surgery) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.39, 3.63] | 2 studies · 230 participants | Moderate |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Adverse events (number of participants with any adverse event) · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.68, 1.28] | 10 studies · 1722 participants | Moderate |
rHuEPO with iron vs control treatment with or without iron Length of hospital stay · adult participants, irrespective of gender and type of non‐cardiac surgery, with mild or severe preoperative anaemia Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 293 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total studies: 282 RCTs Total participants: 50,812 Number of treatments: 65 Geometry of the network** · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 282 studies · 50812 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Droperidol (41 RCTs; 6156 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 41 studies · 6156 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perphenazine (0 RCTs; 0 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR NK1 receptor antagonists · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Aprepitant (1 RCT; 120 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Casopitant (no direct evidence, indirect evidence only) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Fosaprepitant (0 RCTs; 0 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Rolapitant (0 RCTs; 0 participants) · adults undergoing any type of surgery under general anaesthesia Interventions: antiemetic drugs (monoprophylaxis and… Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after general anaesthesia: a network… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |