Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

108 questions · 112 findings · 9 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care

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No studies found 7 · 6.3%GRADE not reported 6 · 5.4%Very low 42 · 37.5%Low 40 · 35.7%Moderate 13 · 11.6%High 4 · 3.6%

Intravenous diclofenac vs NSAIDs

At least 50% reduction in pain · Adults (mean study ages 25 to 55 years) with acute postoperative pain after dental, mixed minor, abdominal, or orthopedic surgeries

2 findings from 1 review

Single‐dose intravenous diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
Single‐dose intravenous diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.83, 1.1]
3 studies · 360 participants
Low

Intravenous diclofenac vs NSAIDs

Median (mean) time to use of rescue medication · Adults (mean study ages 25 to 55 years) with acute postoperative pain after dental, mixed minor, abdominal, or orthopedic surgeries

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐dose intravenous diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 169 participants
Very low

Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo

Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 72 hmg · adults undergoing surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
65 studies · 4004 participants
Moderate

Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults undergoing surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
82 studies · 5004 participants
High

Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo

Analgesia durationTime duration from the end of surgery to the time of first analgesic consumption. Scale from: 0 to 100. · adults undergoing surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
31 studies · 1678 participants
Moderate

Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo

Hyperalgesia(cm2) · adults undergoing surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 333 participants
Very low

Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo

CNS adverse events · adults undergoing surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
105 studies · 6538 participants
High

Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting (postoperative care unit) · adults undergoing surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
95 studies · 5965 participants
High

Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia

Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 24 hmg · patients with postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
25 studies · 1586 participants
Low

Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia

Consumption of morphine equivalents 25 to 48 hmg · patients with postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 449 participants
Moderate

Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia

Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 48 hmg · patients with postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 334 participants
Very low

Consumption of intravenous morphine equivalents (mg): PCA vs non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia

Consumption of morphine equivalents 0 to 72 hmg · patients with postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non‐patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 244 participants
Very low

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo

Participants with ≥ 1 vomiting episode · adults receiving intravenous opioids

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in vomiting (≥1 episode) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.18 [0.26, 5.32]
3 studies · 527 participants
Low

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo

Nausea · adults receiving intravenous opioids

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in nausea (≥1 episode) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.15, 2.03]
2 studies · 336 participants
Low

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo

Adverse events · adults receiving intravenous opioids

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.34 [0.47, 11.61]
3 studies · 527 participants
Low

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo

Number of vomiting episodes · adults receiving intravenous opioids

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo

Nausea severity · adults receiving intravenous opioids

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 191 participants
Low

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications vs placebo

Use of rescue medication · adults receiving intravenous opioids

Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in rescue medication compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.86 [0.17, 20.16]
3 studies · 527 participants
Low

Distraction vs control

Self‐reported pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
30 studies · 2802 participants
Low

CBT‐combined vs control

Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization, intravenous…

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 765 participants
Low