Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

233 questions · 255 findings · 25 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 38 · 14.9%GRADE not reported 32 · 12.5%Very low 83 · 32.5%Low 61 · 23.9%Moderate 27 · 10.6%High 14 · 5.5%

High vs moderate protein concentration of human milk fortifier

Death during study period · promoting short‐term growth of preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 45 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants

Higher showed no clear difference in mortality to hospital discharge compared with lower amino acid intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.69, 1.17]
14 studies · 1407 participants
Low

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes neurodevelopmental disability compared with lower amino acid intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.48, 2.23]
2 studies · 201 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes postnatal growth failure at discharge (weight < 10th centile) compared with lower amino acid intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.56, 0.97]
3 studies · 203 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Weight gain · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 291 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Head circumference gain (mm/week) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 315 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Retinopathy of prematurity · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes retinopathy of prematurity compared with lower amino acid intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.21, 0.93]
4 studies · 269 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower amino acid intake

Abnormal blood urea nitrogen (various criteria) · preterm infants

Higher leads to higher abnormal blood urea nitrogen (various criteria) compared with lower amino acid intake (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower amino acid intake in parenteral nutrition for newborn infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.77 [2.13, 3.61]
7 studies · 688 participants
High

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Weight gain · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Moderate

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

IQ score and Bayley score at 18 months or later · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria)

Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Higher vs lower PUFA

All allergic disease ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all allergic disease ‐ infant incidence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.73, 1.26]
1 study · 323 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

All allergic disease ‐ childhood prevalence · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all allergic disease ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19]
2 studies · 633 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

Asthma ‐ childhood prevalence · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes asthma ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.82, 1.53]
2 studies · 635 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

Dermatitis/eczema ‐ childhood prevalence · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes dermatitis/eczema ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.09]
2 studies · 635 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

Allergic rhinitis ‐ childhood prevalence · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes allergic rhinitis ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.83, 1.25]
2 studies · 635 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

Food allergy ‐ childhood prevalence · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes food allergy ‐ childhood prevalence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.27 [0.06, 1.19]
1 study · 119 participants
Very low

Higher vs lower PUFA

Asthma ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants

Higher showed no clear difference in asthma ‐ infant incidence compared with lower PUFA intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.8, 1.35]
3 studies · 1162 participants
Low