Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

135 questions · 142 findings · 44 reviews

No studies found 25 · 17.6%GRADE not reported 17 · 12%Very low 21 · 14.8%Low 38 · 26.8%Moderate 25 · 17.6%High 16 · 11.3%

HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) probably leads to higher adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ when compared with low dose… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus low dose (greater than or… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus standard‐lower dose… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intrauterine balloon tamponade plus normal care (misoprostol) vs normal care (misoprostol)

Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) ‐ Severe shivering, diarrhoea, vomiting or high temperature · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. Women were suspected to have PPH due to clinical atony and who were quote:…
1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES

Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) changes adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side… compared with OTHER DOSES (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES

Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. high dose (> 15‐35 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) changes adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side… compared with OTHER DOSES (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS:… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS:… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stevia (high-intensity/non-nutritive sweetener) in a daily snack vs Baseline (within-group change); white sugar snack is a parallel arm with no between-group effect size reported

Change in Mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacilli in saliva · Schoolchildren (6-9 years), high caries risk

The single stevia trial (Cocco 2019) reported a significant reduction in salivary Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, but gave no effect size and was not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Clinical Effects of Sugar Substitutes on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2024 All outcomes
    42 days · Schoolchildren in Italy, high caries risk; sweetener delivered as a daily snack · Single study (Cocco 2019); not pooled
    Cocco 2019 (the only high-intensity sweetener trial): the stevia snack showed a significant decrease in MS (P < .01) and in lactobacilli (P = .03) versus baseline, whereas the white-sugar snack showed no significant…
    1 study · 271 participants
    GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects during treatment Intervention: Hyperbaric chamber/ 160 millibars versus supplementary oxygen · people suffering from high altitude illness
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects Time of measurement: 1 to 48 hours after treatment, end of treatment Scale of measurement:not stated · people suffering from high altitude illness
1 finding from 1 review