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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision
current versionsNo studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Psychological therapies and/or group programmes vs active control Health‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 600 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapies and/or group programmes vs active control Vision‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1245 participants | Low |
Psychological therapies and/or group programmes vs active control Adverse events · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1453 participants | Very low |
Methods of enhancing vision and/or group programmes vs active control Health‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 443 participants | Very low |
Methods of enhancing vision and/or group programmes vs active control Vision‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 660 participants | Moderate |
Methods of enhancing vision and/or group programmes vs active control Adverse events · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 660 participants | Very low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs active control Health‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 375 participants | Very low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs active control Vision‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 464 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs active control Adverse events · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 464 participants | Ungraded |
Psychological therapies and/or group programmes vs waiting list or no care Vision‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 285 participants | Low |
Psychological therapies and/or group programmes vs waiting list or no care Adverse events · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 285 participants | Low |
Methods of enhancing vision vs waiting list or no care Health‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methods of enhancing vision vs waiting list or no care Vision‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 262 participants | Very low |
Methods of enhancing vision vs waiting list or no care Adverse events · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 262 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs waiting list or no care Health‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 183 participants | Very low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs waiting list or no care Vision‐related quality of life · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 193 participants | Very low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs waiting list or no care Adverse events · adults (>= 18 years) with an irreversible visual impairment Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 193 participants | Low |
Spectacle correction vs no spectacles Incidence of strabismus up to 3–4 years of age · infants or children with hyperopia Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.02] | 4 studies · 804 participants | Very low |
Spectacle correction vs no spectacles Proportion of children with strabismus at 3 years' · infants or children with hyperopia Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.31, 3.25] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Spectacle correction vs no spectacles Proportion of children with amblyopia at 3 years · infants or children with hyperopia Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.31, 1.93] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Spectacle correction vs no spectacles Proportion of children with inadequate stereoacuity at 3 years · infants or children with hyperopia Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.16, 0.88] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Spectacle correction vs no spectacles Proportion of children without refractive error in the emmetropization range at 3 years · infants or children with hyperopia Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.18, 3.19] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Spectacle correction vs no spectacles Visual acuity worse than 20/30 at 3–4 years of age · infants or children with hyperopia Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.64, 1.18] | 4 studies · 770 participants | Very low |
Combined trabeculotomy with trabeculectomy vs trabeculotomy Mean IOP (mmHg) · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 88 participants | Very low |
Combined trabeculotomy with trabeculectomy vs trabeculotomy Surgical success: proportion with postoperative IOP ≤ 21 mmHg with or without glaucoma medications 1 year after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.9, 1.14] | 3 studies · 102 participants | Very low |
Combined trabeculotomy with trabeculectomy vs trabeculotomy Adverse outcomes Up to 3 years · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.1, 5.43] | 3 studies · 102 participants | Very low |
Viscotrabeculotomy vs conventional trabeculotomy Mean IOP 6 months after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 42 participants | Very low |
Viscotrabeculotomy vs conventional trabeculotomy Proportion with postoperative IOP ≤ 21 mmHg (surgical success) with or without glaucoma medications 6 months after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.7, 1.78] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Viscotrabeculotomy vs conventional trabeculotomy Adverse outcomes—hyphema Up to 6 months after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.63, 2.83] | 2 studies · 57 participants | Low |
Microcatheter‐assisted trabeculotomy vs conventional trabeculotomy Mean IOP 1 year after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 99 participants | Moderate |
Microcatheter‐assisted trabeculotomy vs conventional trabeculotomy Proportion with postoperative IOP ≤ 21 mmHg (surgical success) with or without glaucoma medications 1 year after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [1.2, 1.97] | 2 studies · 99 participants | Moderate |
Microcatheter‐assisted trabeculotomy vs conventional trabeculotomy Adverse outcomes— hyphema Up to 1 year after surgery · children at or before five years of age with primary congenital glaucoma Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [1.25, 4.04] | 2 studies · 102 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins (including vitamin A), or no therapy Visual field sensitivity (visual field) · retinitis pigmentosa Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 881 participants | Very low |
Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins (including vitamin A), or no therapy Visual acuitychange in logMAR visual acuity, may be reported as ETDRS · retinitis pigmentosa Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 881 participants | Very low |
Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins (including vitamin A), or no therapy Electroretinography (ERG) · retinitis pigmentosa Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 881 participants | Very low |
Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins (including vitamin A), or no therapy Optical coherence tomography (OCT) · retinitis pigmentosa Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins (including vitamin A), or no therapy Adverse effects: as reported by studies · retinitis pigmentosa Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 944 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Physical activity at 6 months · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 321 | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fall measures · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fear of falling scores at 6 months Assessed by Short Falls Efficacy Scale‐International · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 2.55 | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Quality of life at 6 months Assessed by 12‐Item Short Form Health Survey · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 3.14 | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Physical activity at 6 months Assessed by self‐reported physical activity · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 9.1 | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fall measures · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 | 1 study · 41 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fear of falling scores at 6 months Assessed by Short Falls Efficacy Scale‐International · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0 | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Quality of life at 6 months Assessed by European Quality of Life‐15 · older adults (aged 60 and over) with irreversible visual impairment Environmental and behavioural interventions for reducing physical activity limitation and preventing falls… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
Anti‐VEGF vs sham Gain of 15 letters or more of visual acuity at 6 months · macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.72 [1.19, 2.49] | 1 study · 283 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs laser Mean change in quality of life at 12 months on the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire‐25 (VFQ‐25) (scored 0 to 100) (higher score is better quality of life) · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anti‐VEGF vs steroid Gain of 15 letters or more of visual acuity · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.33, 2.1] | 2 studies · 330 participants | High |
Anti‐VEGF vs steroid Mean change in visual acuity letters · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 330 participants | High |
Anti‐VEGF vs steroid Mean central retinal thickness (CRT) change at 12 months in microns (lower value is better) · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 343 participants | Moderate |