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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Parental stress (total stress scores) · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Changes in parental behaviour/responsivity · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Socialisation · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Language attrition · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Adherence to treatment · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated intervention vs treatment Receptive language (total language; standard scores) · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated intervention vs treatment Parental stress · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated intervention vs treatment Changes in parental behaviour/responsivity · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 27 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated intervention vs treatment Socialisation · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated intervention vs treatment Language attrition · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 27 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated intervention vs treatment Adherence to treatment · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Expressive language (number of words; standard scores; MLUw; NDW; IPSyn; frequency of unique targets; % target talk) · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐ and clinician‐mediated intervention vs clinician‐mediated intervention alone Receptive language (total language; standard scores) · children with Down syndrome aged between birth and six years Parent‐mediated interventions for promoting communication and language development in young children with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Spoken communication Measured by: Mullen Scale of Early Learning: Expressive Language Index (MSEL: log (base 2) transformed age equivalent scores) · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Spoken communication Measured by: frequency of speech, including non‐word vocalisations (expressed as rates per minute)a · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.1 | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Non‐verbal communication/AAC Measured by: frequency of use of PECS symbols (expressed as rates per minute)a · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | OR 3.9 | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Combined spoken and non‐verbal communication/AAC Measured by: verbal and non‐verbal initiations (expressed as rates per minute)a · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | OR 2.73 | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Adverse events · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Social communication or pragmatic language Measured by: reciprocal social interaction (ADOS‐G domain scores)a · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.55 | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Other communication skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Quality of life for the individual or their family and parent satisfaction · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) vs treatment Non‐core aspects of behaviour and function · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Non‐verbal communication/AAC · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Combined spoken and non‐verbal communication/AAC · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Adverse events · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Social communication and pragmatic language skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Other communication skills · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Quality of life for the individual or their family and parent satisfaction · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment Non‐core aspects of behaviour and function · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: focused playtime intervention vs treatment CI: confidence interval. · minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Trihexyphenidyl vs placebo Change in dystonia from baseline Measured by: BADS (eight body regions assessed for dystonia on a five‐point scale (0 = none to 4 = severe), minimum score 0 to maximum score 32; higher score = greater severity of dystonia) · children with dystonic cerebral palsy Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Trihexyphenidyl vs placebo Adverse effectsb (mood disturbance, irritability, behavioural change, constipation) Measured by: counts of number and type · children with dystonic cerebral palsy Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.54 [1.38, 4.67] | 16 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Trihexyphenidyl vs placebo Participation in activities of daily living:individual goal setting Measured by: GAS (up to 5 functional goals scored on a 5‐point scale (−2 = much less than expected to +2 = much more than expected); higher score = better than expected outcome) · children with dystonic cerebral palsy Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Trihexyphenidyl vs placebo Participation in activities of daily living:satisfaction with individual goals Measured by: satisfaction subscale of the COPM (satisfaction with performance in up to 5 problem areas scored on a 10‐point scale (1 = not satisfied at all to 10 = extr... · children with dystonic cerebral palsy Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Trihexyphenidyl vs placebo Participation in activities of daily living:performance of individual goals Measured by: performance subscale of the COPM (up to five problem areas scored on a 10‐point scale (1 = not able to do to 10 = able to do extremely well; higher score = be... · children with dystonic cerebral palsy Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Trihexyphenidyl vs placebo Quality of life · children with dystonic cerebral palsy Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Children's ability to communicate effectively in everyday life: taking turns in conversation, initiating conversation and responding to others' conversational gambits · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Compliance with treatment · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Adverse events · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Child outcomes · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Speech and language function · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Children's generic participation: social · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Parent outcomes · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Parents' communication and interaction strategies: directiveness and responsiveness · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Family stress and coping: parent stress · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Parent‐mediated communication intervention vs no intervention Satisfaction of child and family with treatment · children up to 5 years of age with a communication difficulty associated with any non‐progressive motor disorder… Parent‐mediated communication interventions for improving the communication skills of preschool children… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Gestational weight gain per week (from < 20 weeks gestation till the time of delivery) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 3539 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Maternal mortality (measured at six weeks postpartum) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Low birth weight (< 2500 g) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.74, 1.14] | 3 studies · 2404 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Length at birth (in cm) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2567 participants | Moderate |