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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Auto‐CPAP vs fixed CPAP Adverse events (machine tolerability outcomes) · adults with a diagnosis of OSA Pressure modification or humidification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 574 participants | Very low |
Bi‐PAP vs fixed CPAP Machine usage (hours/night) · adults with a diagnosis of sleep apnoea Pressure modification or humidification for improving usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 268 participants | Low |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS All‐cause mortality · adults with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.25 [0.61, 2.56] | 32 studies · 35751 participants | Moderate |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.87, 1.16] | 32 studies · 35751 participants | High |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS Asthma mortality · adults with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 studies · 24022 participants | Low |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.64, 1.14] | 30 studies · 35158 participants | Moderate |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS All‐cause mortality · children and adolescents with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 4035 participants | Low |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events · children and adolescents with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.33 [0.71, 2.49] | 10 studies · 4035 participants | Moderate |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS Asthma‐related mortality · children and adolescents with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 4035 participants | Low |
Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · children and adolescents with chronic asthma Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.18 [0.4, 3.51] | 10 studies · 4035 participants | Very low |
Effects of different inhaled corticosteroids on growth in children with persistent asthma: fluticasone vs beclomethasone Linear growth velocity (cm/year) · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices… (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.81 [0.46, 1.16] | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Effects of different inhaled corticosteroids on growth in children with persistent asthma: fluticasone vs budesonide Linear growth velocity (cm/year) · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices… (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.39 | 2 studies · 236 participants | Very low |
Effects of different inhaled corticosteroids on growth in children with persistent asthma: fluticasone vs budesonide Change in height (cm) over a period of time · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices… (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.97 [0.62, 1.32] | 2 studies · 359 participants | Moderate |
Effects of different delivery devices on growth in children with persistent asthma: hydrofluoroalkane‐metered dose inhaler beclomethasone vs chlorofluorocarbon‐metered dose inhaler beclomethasone Linear growth velocity (cm/year) · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 212 participants | Low |
Effects of different delivery devices on growth in children with persistent asthma: Easyhaler‐budesonide vs Turbuhaler‐budesonide Change in height (cm) over a period of time · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects of different drugs and delivery devices… (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.37 [0.12, 0.62] | 1 study · 229 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Adherence Measured as number of participants who continued to use device at end of 2 months · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Adverse effects Measured as number of participants who discontinued device at end of 2 months · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Quality of life Assessed using SF‐36 or FOSQ · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 86 participants | Moderate |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Sleep quality Assessed by average duration of slow‐wave and REM sleep periods · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Cognitive dysfunction · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Apnoea‐Hypopnoea Index (AHI) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 33 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Self‐reported adherence time · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Moderate |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Adverse effects · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Quality of life Assessed using SF‐36 or FOSQ · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Sleep quality Assessed by average duration of slow‐wave and REM sleep periods · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 13 participants | Low |
Positional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Cognitive dysfunction · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 13 participants | Ungraded |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 187 participants | Moderate |
Positional therapy vs inactive control Apnoea‐Hypopnoea Index (AHI) · adults with obstructive sleep apnoea Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 277 participants | Low |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Exacerbations leading to hospitalisation (hospitalisations) · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1873 participants | Moderate |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Asthma symptoms leading to emergency hospital visits (ED visits) · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.7 [0.53, 0.92] | 13 studies · 3883 participants | Low |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Unplanned visit to hospital or GP due to asthma symptoms (unplanned medical visits) · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.6, 0.9] | 5 studies · 3283 participants | Moderate |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Absence from school · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 4609 participants | Low |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Experience of daytime and night‐time symptoms ‐ daytime symptoms (daytime symptoms) · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1065 participants | Moderate |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Use of reliever therapies, e.g. beta₂‐agonists (reliever therapies) · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.52 [0.15, 1.81] | 2 studies · 437 participants | Very low |
Effects of school‐based asthma interventions vs usual care Health‐related quality of life · asthma among children and adolescents School‐based self‐management interventions for asthma in children and adolescents: a mixed methods… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2587 participants | Moderate |
Statins vs placebo Number of exacerbations per person‐year · adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 877 participants | Moderate |
Statins vs placebo Exacerbations requiring hospitalisation per person‐year · adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 877 participants | Moderate |
Statins vs placebo All‐cause mortality · adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.61, 1.74] | 2 studies · 952 participants | Low |
Statins vs placebo COPD‐specific mortality · adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.25 [0.38, 4.13] | 1 study · 877 participants | Low |
Statins vs placebo Quality of life · adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
Statins vs placebo Adverse events · adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 8 participants | Ungraded |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo Improvement in WHO functional class · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | OR 8.59 [3.95, 18.72] | 4 studies · 282 participants | High |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy Six‐minute walk distance · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 509 participants | Moderate |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy Mortality · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.26 [0.07, 1.06] | 3 studies · 492 participants | Moderate |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy Quality of life physical functioning on SF‐36 (higher scores indicate better quality of life) · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 267 participants | Moderate |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy PAP · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 387 participants | High |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy Cardiac output · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 310 participants | High |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy PVR · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 303 participants | High |
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs ERA Improvement in WHO functional class · people with pulmonary arterial hypertension Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.55, 1.6] | 1 study · 244 participants | Moderate |