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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary

current versions

No studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ Overt hepatic encephalopathy ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.17 [0.63, 2.17]	6 studies · 420 participants	Very low
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) vs TACE alone All‐cause mortality (at maximum 1‐year · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.51 [0.41, 0.62]	9 studies · 786 participants	Low
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) Elevated alanine aminotransferase · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) Elevated total bilirubin · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) vs TACE alone Health‐related quality of life · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) vs TACE alone Serious adverse events · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) vs TACE alone Complete response plus partial response Length of · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.58 [1.4, 1.78]	7 studies · 620 participants	Low
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) vs TACE alone Elevated alanine aminotransferase Length of · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.41 [1.08, 1.84]	3 studies · 232 participants	Very low
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) vs TACE alone Elevated total bilirubin Length of · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	RR 2.69 [1.34, 5.4]	2 studies · 172 participants	Very low
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) All‐cause mortality (at 1 year) · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	RR 1.21 [0.97, 1.5]	3 studies · 152 participants	Very low
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) Serious adverse events · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) vs transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) Complete response plus partial response Length of · people with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma External beam radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 41 participants	Very low
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Mortality · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.51 [0.63, 3.63]	2 studies · 348 participants	Very low
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Cholecystectomy · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Serious adverse events · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Proportion of people with adverse events · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.22 [0.68, 2.17]	1 study · 198 participants	Very low
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Number of adverse events · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Health‐related quality of life · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 198 participants	Very low
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Liver transplantation · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	OR 0.97 [0.52, 1.81]	2 studies · 348 participants	Very low
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Any malignancy · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Cholangiocarcinoma · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	OR 1.34 [0.48, 3.68]	2 studies · 348 participants	Very low
Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo Colorectal cancer · people with primary sclerosing cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary sclerosing cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Terlipressin vs other vasoactive drugs Mortality (All‐cause) · people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus other vasoactive drugs for hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.88, 1.06]	474 participants	Very low
Terlipressin vs other vasoactive drugs Hepatorenal syndrome (Number of participants who did not achieve reversal of hepatorenal syndrome) · people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus other vasoactive drugs for hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.63, 0.99]	394 participants	Very low
Terlipressin vs other vasoactive drugs Serious adverse events · people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus other vasoactive drugs for hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.88, 1.06]	474 participants	Very low
Terlipressin vs other vasoactive drugs Non‐serious adverse events: diarrhoea or abdominal pain, or both · people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus other vasoactive drugs for hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane	RR 3.5 [1.19, 10.27]	221 participants	Very low
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment All‐cause mortality · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment ‐ at end of intervention · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.86, 1.03]	114 studies · 21758 participants	Low
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment ‐ at maximum · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.88, 0.99]	127 studies · 23170 participants	Low
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment Serious adverse events · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment at maximum · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.85, 0.97]	137 studies · 23413 participants	Low
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment ‐at end of intervention · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	16 studies · 16 participants	Ungraded
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment at maximum · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 3961 participants	Very low
Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment Weight at the end of intervention · hospitalised adults at nutritional risk Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	68 studies · 5445 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Interventions · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Tacrolimus plus glucocorticosteroids · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Tacrolimus plus mycophenolate plus glucocorticosteroids · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 0.58 [0.14, 1.91]	1 study · 195 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Tacrolimus plus sirolimus · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 2.76 [1.3, 6.69]	1 study · 222 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cyclosporine A · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 1.1 [0.56, 2.34]	8 studies · 1176 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Cyclosporine A plus azathioprine · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 1.31 [0.05, 31.94]	2 studies · 202 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Cyclosporine A plus azathioprine plus glucocorticosteroids · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Cyclosporine A plus glucocorticosteroids · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Cyclosporine A plus mycophenolate plus glucocorticosteroids · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Everolimus · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 1.62 [0.73, 3.99]	1 study · 474 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Tacrolimus plus azathioprine · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 0.46 [0.17, 1.15]	1 study · 97 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Tacrolimus plus everolimus · people undergoing liver transplantation Maintenance immunosuppression for adults undergoing liver transplantation: a network meta‐analysis (2017) · Cochrane	HR 1.43 [0.63, 3.38]	1 study · 488 participants	Very low
Antioxidants vs no intervention Mortality · participants with non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Pharmacological interventions for non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 87 participants	Very low
Thiazolidinediones vs no intervention Serious adverse events (proportion) · participants with non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Pharmacological interventions for non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 194 participants	Very low
Thiazolidinediones vs no intervention Serious adverse events (number of events) · participants with non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Pharmacological interventions for non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (2017) · Cochrane	rate ratio 0.25 [0.06, 1.05]	3 studies · 357 participants	Very low
Thiazolidinediones vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · participants with non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Pharmacological interventions for non‐alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies