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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs rifaximin Mortality · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.03] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs rifaximin Hepatic encephalopathy assessed based on neurocognitive manifestations · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.57, 1.96] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs rifaximin Serious adverse events assessed using ICH‐GCP · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.42] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs rifaximin Quality of life assessed using questionnaires · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
L‐ornithine L aspartate vs placebo or no intervention Hepatic encephalopathy assessed based on neurocognitive manifestations L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.59, 0.83] | 22 studies · 1375 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs rifaximin Non‐serious adverse events assessed using ICH‐GCP · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.42] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L aspartate vs placebo or no intervention Serious adverse events assessed using ICH‐GCP L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.45, 0.9] | 19 studies · 1489 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L aspartate vs placebo or no intervention Quality of life assessed using 3 different questionnaires L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
L‐ornithine L aspartate vs placebo or no intervention Non‐serious adverse events assessed using ICH‐GCP L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.75, 1.77] | 14 studies · 1076 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs lactulose Mortality · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.11, 4.17] | 4 studies · 175 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs lactulose Hepatic encephalopathy assessed based on neurocognitive manifestations · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.81, 1.57] | 4 studies · 175 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs lactulose Serious adverse events assessed using ICH‐GCP · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.22, 2.11] | 3 studies · 144 participants | Very low |
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate vs lactulose Quality of life assessed using questionnaires · people with cirrhosis who had minimal or overt hepatic encephalopathy or who were at risk for developing hepatic… L‐ornithine L‐aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs no exercise All‐cause mortality · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.73] | 6 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs no exercise Serious adverse events · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.19, 1.94] | 6 studies · 173 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Health‐related quality of life ‐ CLDQ (total score 1–7, high score corresponds to a better HRQoL) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 81 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Anthropometric measurements: mid‐arm circumference (cm) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 72 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Anthropometric measurements: mid‐thigh circumference (cm) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Physical fitness: peak exercise oxygen uptake (mL/kg/minute) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 100 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Physical fitness: 6‐Minute Walk Test (min in total) · people with Child‐Pugh stage A or B cirrhosis Physical exercise for people with cirrhosis (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) vs control Mortality Clinically · people with hepatic encephalopathy. Branched‐chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.69, 1.11] | 15 studies · 760 participants | Moderate |
Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) vs control Hepatic encephalopathy Psychometric and clinical assessments · people with hepatic encephalopathy. Branched‐chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.61, 0.88] | 16 studies · 827 participants | High |
Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) vs control Nausea and diarrhoea Clinically · people with hepatic encephalopathy. Branched‐chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.39 [0.7, 16.46] | 5 studies · 945 participants | Low |
Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) vs control Albumin Laboratory assessment · people with hepatic encephalopathy. Branched‐chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 176 participants | Low |
Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) vs control Nitrogen balance Laboratory assessment · people with hepatic encephalopathy. Branched‐chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 108 participants | Low |
Flumazenil vs placebo All‐cause mortality · people with hepatic encephalopathy Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.48, 1.16] | 11 studies · 842 participants | Low |
Flumazenil vs placebo Hepatic encephalopathy · people with hepatic encephalopathy Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.71, 0.8] | 9 studies · 824 participants | Low |
Flumazenil vs placebo Serious adverse events · people with hepatic encephalopathy Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 842 participants | Low |
Terlipressin vs placebo or no intervention Mortality · people with hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.73, 0.98] | 9 studies · 534 participants | Low |
Terlipressin vs placebo or no intervention Hepatorenal syndrome · people with hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.48, 0.82] | 7 studies · 510 participants | Low |
Terlipressin vs placebo or no intervention Serious adverse events · people with hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.68, 1.21] | 9 studies · 534 participants | Low |
Terlipressin vs placebo or no intervention Serious cardiovascular adverse events · people with hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 7.26 [1.7, 31.05] | 4 studies · 234 participants | Low |
Terlipressin vs placebo or no intervention Abdominal pain · people with hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [0.97, 2.43] | 4 studies · 294 participants | Low |
Terlipressin vs placebo or no intervention Diarrhoea · people with hepatorenal syndrome Terlipressin versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5.76 [2.19, 15.15] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) vs no intervention All‐cause mortality or other serous adverse events of the newborn Hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) vs no intervention All‐cause mortality or other serous adverse events of the mothers Hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) vs no intervention Newborn with HBsAg‐positive result Hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.24, 0.38] | 29 studies · 5310 participants | Very low |
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) vs no intervention Newborn with HBeAg‐positive result Hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.43, 1.05] | 7 studies · 1764 participants | Very low |
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) vs no intervention Newborn with HBV‐DNA‐positive result Hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.15, 0.42] | 16 studies · 2130 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.23, 1.44] | 7 studies · 404 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ Change of/or withdrawal from treatment ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.88, 1.82] | 7 studies · 490 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of life ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Plasma ammonia concentration (final and change scores) (μmol/L) ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 325 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR No‐recovery (incomplete resolution of clinical symptoms) ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.56, 0.79] | 10 studies · 574 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ Overt hepatic encephalopathy ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.16, 0.51] | 10 studies · 585 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events ‐ Change of/or withdrawal from treatment ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.46, 1.07] | 9 studies · 551 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of life ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 115 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Plasma ammonia concentration (final and change scores) (μmol/L) ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 705 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.25, 102] | 2 studies · 200 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR No‐recovery (incomplete resolution of clinical symptoms) ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.85, 1.21] | 7 studies · 430 participants | Very low |