What do systematic reviews say?

Oral midazolam vs placebo or no intervention

Oral midazolam probably leads to higher behaviour (Houpt/behavioural score) compared with placebo (including no intervention) (moderate certainty).

• Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SMD 1.96 [1.59, 2.33]
  6 studies · 202 participants
  Moderate

Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist

• Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 184 participants
  Very low

Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist

• Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 91 participants
  Very low

Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist

• Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 256 participants
  Very low

Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist

• Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low

Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist

• Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 330 participants
  Very low

Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist

• Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 463 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality during hospital stay (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.56]
  3 studies · 122 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  5.4 [0.4, 10.5]
  2 studies · 89 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28… (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 43 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.5, 3.56]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in PIPP score during drug infusion Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28… (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 1
  1 study · 46 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.64 [1.02, 57.21]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in oxygen desaturation compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.48, 1.63]
  3 studies · 1272 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in hypotension compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.36 [0.98, 5.69]
  1 study · 986 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in emesis, pulmonary aspiration compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.1 [0.13, 75.88]
  1 study · 986 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in airway interventions compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.26 [0.94, 1.69]
  3 studies · 1272 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring probably leads to higher airway interventions adult subgroup analysis (aged ≥ 18 years)h compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.44 [1.16, 1.79]
  2 studies · 1118 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clonidine vs placebo

Clonidine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.12, 3.98]
  1 study · 112 participants
  Low