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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

current versions
No studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Intervention NR
Anaemia · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Adverse effects · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Moderate stunting Measured as height‐for‐age z score < −2 SD Measured at 12 months and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.92 [0.82, 1.02]3 studies · 2365 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Moderate wasting Measured as weight‐for‐height z score < −2 SD Measured at 12 months and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.97 [0.77, 1.23]2 studies · 2004 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Moderate underweight Measured as weight‐for‐age z score < −2 SD Measured at 12 months and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.88 [0.78, 0.99]2 studies · 2004 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Anaemia Measured as haemoglobin < 10 g/dL Measured at 12 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.38 [0.21, 0.68]2 studies · 557 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Adverse effects · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Severe stunting Measured as height‐for‐age z score < −3 SD Measured at 12, 18 and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98]5 studies · 6151 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Wasting · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Moderate wasting Measured as weight‐for‐height z score < −2 SD Measured at 12, 18 and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.82 [0.74, 0.91]8 studies · 13172 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Severe wasting Measured as weight‐for‐height z score < −3 SD Measured at 12 and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.27 [0.66, 2.46]3 studies · 2329 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Underweight · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Moderate underweight Measured as weight‐for‐age z score < −2 SD Measured at 12, 18 and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.85 [0.8, 0.91]8 studies · 13073 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Severe underweight Measured as weight‐for‐age z score < −3 SD Measured at 12 and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months
Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.78 [0.54, 1.13]2 studies · 1729 participantsModerate
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Child school performance: long‐term · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 6276 participantsModerate
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Child adverse events ‐ not measured · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Parental substance abuse ‐ not measured · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Parental stress ‐ not measured · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Child internalising behaviours · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 908 participantsLow
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Child externalising behaviours · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 754 participantsLow
Families and Schools Together (FAST) vs no intervention (or care
Family relationships · children and their families
Families and Schools Together (FAST) for improving outcomes for children and their families (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 2569 participantsModerate
Animal‐source foods vs a cereal‐based food or no intervention
Linear growth · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 2972 participantsVery low
Animal‐source foods vs a cereal‐based food or no intervention
Weight gain · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 2972 participantsVery low
Animal‐source foods vs a cereal‐based food or no intervention
All‐cause morbidity · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 1612 participantsVery low
Animal‐source foods vs a cereal‐based food or no intervention
Anemia (not measured) · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Meat‐based diet vs a dairy‐based diet
Linear growth · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 64 participantsModerate
Meat‐based diet vs a dairy‐based diet
Weight gain · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 64 participantsModerate
Meat‐based diet vs a dairy‐based diet
All‐cause morbidity (not measured) · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Meat‐based diet vs a dairy‐based diet
Anemia (not measured) · children aged 5 to 59 months
Effectiveness of provision of animal‐source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Primary outcomes · children aged 4 to 12 years with CAS of unknown cause
Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Accuracy of production on treated items Measured by: counting the number of real words produced correctly (/x) · children aged 4 to 12 years with CAS of unknown cause
Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 26 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Accuracy of production on non‐treated items Measured by: counting the number of real words produced correctly (/x) · children aged 4 to 12 years with CAS of unknown cause
Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 26 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Secondary outcomes · children aged 4 to 12 years with CAS of unknown cause
Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Speech production consistency Measured by: calculating the number of inconsistent productions of 25 words produced 3 times using the DEAP inconsistency subtestb · children aged 4 to 12 years with CAS of unknown cause
Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 26 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Accuracy of connected speech Measured by: counting the number of correct imitations of 3 word phrases (/x) · children aged 4 to 12 years with CAS of unknown cause
Interventions for childhood apraxia of speech (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 26 participantsModerate
Amphetamines vs placebo
Dexamphetamine · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amphetamines vs placebo
All amphetamines · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amphetamines vs placebo
Retention in treatment · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]17 studies · 2323 participantsLow
Amphetamines vs placebo
ADHD symptom severity: clinician rated · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 49 participantsVery low
Amphetamines vs placebo
ADHD symptom severity: patient rated · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 35 participantsLow
Amphetamines vs placebo
Lisdexamfetamine · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amphetamines vs placebo
ADHD symptom severity: clinician rated · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted7 studies · 896 participantsLow
Amphetamines vs placebo
ADHD symptom severity: patient rated · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 67 participantsLow
Amphetamines vs placebo
Mixed amphetamine salts · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amphetamines vs placebo
ADHD symptom severity: clinician rated · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 1083 participantsLow
Amphetamines vs placebo
ADHD symptom severity: patient rated · adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 18 participantsVery low
Parent training vs treatment
Safe home practices · people with intellectual disability
Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Video‐feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for parents with learning difficulties (VIPP‐LD) vs treatment
Parent‐child interaction · 85 parents (83 mothers and 2 fathers) with intellectual disabilities
Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Video‐feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for parents with learning difficulties (VIPP‐LD) vs treatment
Parenting stress: child domain · 85 parents (83 mothers and 2 fathers) with intellectual disabilities
Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 85 participantsModerate
Video‐feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for parents with learning difficulties (VIPP‐LD) vs treatment
Parenting stress: parent domain · 85 parents (83 mothers and 2 fathers) with intellectual disabilities
Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 85 participantsModerate