What do systematic reviews say?

Chemotherapy plus lower‐dose radiation vs same chemotherapy plus higher‐dose radiation

Chemotherapy plus lower‐dose radiation showed no clear difference in progression/relapse compared with same chemotherapy plus higher‐dose radiation (high certainty).

• Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.2 [0.97, 1.48]
  3 studies · 2962 participants
  High

Chewing gum vs control

• Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 2399 participants
  Very low

Chewing gum vs control

• Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 2016 participants
  Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI probably leads to higher local recurrence‐free survival ‐ total (LR‐FS) compared with WBRT (moderate certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.21 [1.03, 1.42]
  8 studies · 13168 participants
  Moderate

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI probably leads to higher cosmesis, physician/nurse‐reported compared with WBRT (moderate certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.57 [1.31, 1.87]
  6 studies · 3652 participants
  Moderate

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with WBRT (high certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.99 [0.88, 1.12]
  8 studies · 13175 participants
  High

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI probably leads to higher subcutaneous fibrosis (late RT toxicity) compared with WBRT (moderate certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 5.07 [3.81, 6.74]
  2 studies · 3011 participants
  Moderate

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI showed no clear difference in cause‐specific survival (C‐SS) compared with WBRT (moderate certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.06 [0.83, 1.36]
  7 studies · 9865 participants
  Moderate

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI showed no clear difference in distant metastasis‐free survival (DM‐FS) compared with WBRT (moderate certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.95 [0.8, 1.13]
  7 studies · 11033 participants
  Moderate

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI vs WBRT

Summary of Findings Table ‐ PBI?APBI showed no clear difference in subsequent mastectomy compared with WBRT (high certainty).

• Partial breast irradiation versus whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.78, 1.23]
  3 studies · 3740 participants
  High

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) may leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by women compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.14 [1.59, 2.89]
  10 studies · 1279 participants
  Low

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) may leads to lower additional pain relief compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.34 [0.21, 0.55]
  8 studies · 1132 participants
  Low

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) showed no clear difference in maternal drug adverse effects (nausea) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.66]
  1 study · 232 participants
  Low

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) showed no clear difference in maternal drug adverse effects (sleepiness) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.18, 4.3]
  1 study · 232 participants
  Low

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

ICS may leads to lower hospital admission compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.44 [0.31, 0.61]
  12 studies · 959 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

ICS showed no clear difference in FEV1 at 1 hour compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.28
  4 studies · 248 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

ICS showed no clear difference in FEV1 at 3 to 4 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.15
  4 studies · 319 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

ICS showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ nausea/vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.03, 3.18]
  1 study · 94 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs systemic corticosteroids

ICS showed no clear difference in hospital admission compared with systemic corticosteroids (low certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.56 [0.25, 1.24]
  10 studies · 763 participants
  Low